protective effects of chitosan nanogels loaded with vancomycin against oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity induces by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa)

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) has also become one of the significant clinical and epidemiological issues in hospital environments. s. aureus spreads the bacteria to liver tissue, brain tissue, heart tissue, lung tissue, spleen or kidney tissues. oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (mda), glutathione (gsh), catalase (cat) and super-oxide dismutase (sod) activity were studied from liver tissue. besides, histopathological examination of liver tissues plasma levels of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α) were measured, as well as alt (alanine aminotransferase) and ast (aspartate aminotransferase). the results provided were that mrsa toxicity brings about dose-dependent cell death and inflammation in the liver. oxidative stress markers also increased by mrsa-infectious treatment (10⁶ cfu, 50 µl). pro-inflammatory cytokines were also found that are implicated in inflammation and tissue damage. in addition, chitosan nanogels encapsulating vancomycin (100 mg kg^-1) treatment indicated reduced liver inflammation, plasma ast, alt activity and oxidative damage compared to ota group (p<0.001). on the whole, the findings of the study reveal that chitosan nanogels encapsulating vancomycin has strong antioxidant activity against inflammation and tissue damages exposed liver.