exploring l2 product/process-based writing instruction, self-efficacy, writing autonomy, language proficiency, and strategy use: a sem analysis

Due to time constraints and large classes, teachers typically prefer to have product-based writing classes. going through the existing literature, almost no study has examined the interrelationships among four variables of strategy use, self-efficacy, language proficiency, and writing autonomy in product and process writing classes. to this end, 381 iranian male and female efl students of english majors were chosen from the universities of qom and kermanshah.  opt and the questionnaires were distributed in person, via email, and an already-made google-doc link of the instruments. the data were analyzed using multiple correlation and sem. multiple correlations pointed to two-way correlations among the included variables in the process-oriented group in comparison to the product-oriented groups. in other words, learners in the process-based group appeared to be more autonomous, more self-efficacious, and more proficient language learners and could make more appropriate use of l2 strategies. the findings obtained from sem also revealed the fact that the model of relationships among self-efficacy, autonomy, language proficiency, and strategy use enjoyed a good fit. teachers will be able to make more informed and proper decisions regarding the adoption of either process-based or product-based instructional approaches to teaching writing in their own classes in general, and the way students’ levels of self-efficacy, autonomy, language proficiency, and strategy use can be boosted in particular.