تاثیر وجوه ارسالی بر نابرابری درآمد در کشورهای منتخب در حال توسعه: رهیافت رگرسیون آستانه‌ پانلی (روش شبیه‏سازی بوت استرپ)

ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻌﻀﻼت ﻋﻤﺪه اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی درﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﯾﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮارﻫﺎی درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه دارد، ﻫﺪف ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮ وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ از روﯾﮑﺮد رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮن آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﺎﻧﻠﯽ ﺑﺮای ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ، در ﺑﺎزه زﻣﺎﻧﯽ 2018-2000ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺷﺒﯿﻪﺳﺎزی ﺑﻮت اﺳﺘﺮپ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺐ زدن ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﺒﯽ آﻣﺎره آزﻣﻮن در ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار اﺳﺘﺎﺗﺎ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺑﺮآورد ﻣﺪل ﺧﻄﯽ ﻏﯿﺮآﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪای ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ و ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ و از ﻟﺤﺎظ آﻣﺎری ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪای ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ در ﻣﻘﺪار وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ را ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه 0/12 واﺣﺪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ. از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ، ﺑﺮآورد ﻣﺪل اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪای، ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از وﺟﻮد ﺣﺪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪای8/43 درﺻﺪ ﺑﺮای ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻮرم و اﺛﺮﮔﺬاری ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ در دو رژﯾﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ اﺛﺮ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪای، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮات وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ از اﯾﻦ ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺣﺪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ (رژﯾﻢ ﺗﻮرم ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ)، وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد اﻣﺎ در ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺣﺪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ (رژﯾﻢ ﺗﻮرم ﺑﺎﻻ) وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ اﻣﺎ از ﻟﺤﺎظ آﻣﺎری ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار ﻧﺒﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد ﺗﻮرم ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺛﺮﮔﺬاری وﺟﻮه ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی دارای ﺗﻮرم ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺣﺪ آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ را ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ اﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎی اﻧﺪازه دوﻟﺖ،ﺑﺎزﺑﻮدن ﺗﺠﺎری، ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ و ﻧﺮخ ﺑﯿﮑﺎری ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮی درآﻣﺪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ.

the impact of remittances on income inequality in selected developing countries: a panel threshold regression approach (bootstrap simulations method)

given the importance of income inequality, which is one of the major problems of macroeconomics, especially in developing countries, and considering the direct impact of remittances on the income of recipient households, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of remittances on income inequality. in this regard, the panel threshold regression approach for selected developing countries in the period 2018-2000 using the bootstrap simulation method has been used to approximate the asymptotic distribution of test statistics in stata software. findings from estimating the non-threshold linear model showed that the relationship between remittances and income inequality is negative and statistically significant, so that increasing the amount of remittances reduces the income inequality by 0.12 units. on the other hand, estimating the threshold fixed effects model indicates the existence of a threshold of 8.43% for the inflation rate and different effects of remittances on income inequality in two different inflation regimes. considering the threshold effect, in order to investigate the effects of remittances on income inequality, the results show that remittances before the inflation threshold (low inflation regime), remittances reduce income inequality, but after the threshold (high inflation regime) remittances had a negative effect on income inequality but were not statistically significant. therefore, the existence of high inflation can neutralize the effect of remittances on income inequality in countries with inflation above the threshold. also, according to the results of the present study, the economic growth variable has reduced income inequality, but the variables of government size, trade openness, population growth rate and unemployment rate have increased income inequality.