the effect of adjuvants on nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling amaranthus retroflexus, chenopodium album, and echinochloa crus-galli

Three dose-response experiments were conducted separately to study the effect of several adjuvants on nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling amaranthus retroflexus l., chenopodium album l. and echinochloa crus-galli l. the experiments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of the treatments and four replications. the treatments consisted of six doses of nicosulfuron at 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g a.i.ha-1 of the recommended dose with and without the adjuvants of cotton oil, rocket oil, soybean oil, maize oil, adigor®, volck®, hydromax™ at 0.5% (v/v), cytogate, trend® 90, and d-octil® at 0.2 % (v/v). the efficacy of nicosulfuron in control of a. retroflexus, c. album, and e. crus-galli increased significantly when the adjuvants were used. hydromax™ and trend® 90 were the best adjuvants, considering enhanced nicosulfuron efficacy for controlling c. album, e. crus-galli, and a. retroflexus. in the presence of hydromax™ nicosulfuron efficacy was raised by a factor of 4.02, 3.45, and 1.65-fold for controlling a. retroflexus, e. crus-galli, and c. album, respectively. in general, the efficacy of nicosulfuron to control a. retroflexus and e. crus-galli was higher than c. album.