A Microsoft Excel program for bootstrap estimates of reproductive-life table parameters

Demographic parameters such as intrinsic rate of increase estimates are of main interest in a wide range of ecological researches. two widely used uncertainty estimate techniques are bootstrap and jackknife methods. bootstrap estimates are time-consuming processes that are impossible to use without a computer program. unfortunately few programs, if any, have been developed for this task. in this study a guideline was offered to prepare a program in microsoft excel environment to carry out time-consuming calculations of reproductive life table data in a minute or two by repeatedly pressing a shortcut key.