بازشناسی دو مفهوم mardōm و bandag در اندرزنامه‌ها و متون فقهی- حقوقی فارسی میانه‌ زردشتی

ﻣﻔﻬﻮم «ﻣﺮدم» ﻛﻠﻴﺪی ﺗﺮﻳﻦ واژه در «ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ» اﺳﺖ و اﻳﻦ واژه در ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻣﺮوزی ﺧﻮد در ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧه‌زردﺷﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺴﺎﻟه‌ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ دو ﻣﻔﻬﻮم »ﻣﺮدم« و »ﺑﻨﺪگ/ ﺑﻨﺪه« در اﻧﺪرزﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ و ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ آن اﺳﺖ. ازاﻳﻦ رو، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس روﻳﻜﺮد زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ و روش ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺻﻠﻲ را ﻃﺮح ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ دو واژه در ﻛﺪام دﺳﺘﻪ از ﻣﺘﻮن ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮ اﻋﻀﺎی ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟ﻓﺮﺿﻴه‌ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ واژه‌ mardōm ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً در ﻣﺘ ﻮن اﻧﺪرزﻧﺎﻣﻪ ای و در ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﻋﺎﻣﺔﻣﺮدم، اﻋﻢ از زردﺷﺘﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮ زردﺷﺘﻲ، ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و در ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ واژه‌ bandag در ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﻓﺮﻣﺎن ﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود. اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﺎن دو ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ: ﻧﺨﺴﺖ، ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮ واژه‌ mardōm ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ ﻋﺎم در اﻧﺪرزﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﻋﻀﺎی ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻓﺎرغ از ﺳﻮﮔﻴﺮی ﻫﺎی دﻳﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﻳﺸﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲ رود و از ﭘﺮﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﺗﺮﻳﻦ واژﮔﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﺧﻼﻗﻲ آدﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﺪای از ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﻲ اﻳﺸﺎن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻦ؛ دوم،. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ واژه‌ bandag در ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ در ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺮده و ﺑﻨﺪه ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ در ﻣﺘﻮن ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﻓﺮﻣﺎن ﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﺗﺒﺎع و ﭘﻴﺮوان ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎه ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﻲ اﻃﻼق ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Recognition of the two concepts of “mardōm” and “bandag” In Zoroastrian Middle Persian advisory and jurisprudential legal texts

&people& is the most key concept in social history. It was used in the same way in Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts. The aim of the research is a comparative study of the two words of mardōm and bandag in the advisory and jurisprudential legal texts and understanding social relations through it. Therefore, based on the linguistic approach, the research raises the main question, which category of texts do each of these two words appear more and how are they applicable to members of society? The authors hypothesize that mardōm was often used in “the advisory texts” and the general sense of the people, both Zoroastrian and nonZoroastrian, and in contrast, bandag, in the sense of the subject, was used in jurisprudential legal texts. The result of this research is to pay attention to the fact that in “the advisory texts”, mardōm is used as a general term for all members of society regardless of their political or social orientations and is one of the most widely used words that pay attention to the moral status of people regardless of their class status. The use of terms such as šāhān šāh bandag in the jurisprudential legal texts is also related to the political concept of bandag, which can range from the lowest to the highest levels of social order. In contrast, other terms and expressions have been used to discuss the role of community members concerning the members of the community to which they belong and other communities.