افلاطون - گادامر از دیالکتیک ایده تا دیالکتیک کلمه

هرمنوتیک فلسفی گادامر صراحتا لوگوس محور است. لوگوس در تلقی گادامر به لحاظ محتوا متفاوت با تلقی افلاطون از آن است. تعبیر لوگوس در اندیشه افلاطون، ایده است و دیالکتیک ایده، روند تعین ایدوس ها در قالب کلمات است. در دیالکتیک ایده لوگوس در یک روند تکاملی به ارگون تبدیل می شود. به همین خاطر در نظر گادامر دیالکتیک افلاطون از یک جنبه ثابت است چون در چرخه ای ثابت آن چه عیان می کند بازنمودی حسی از جهان ایده است. از جهاتی دیگر پویاست زیرا دیالکتیک فرایندی صعودی و پیوسته رو به زمان حال است که مدام از ایده به امر واقع تغییر ماهیت می دهد. اما در تلقی گادامر، لوگوس کلمه است و دیالکتیک کلمه همان پویایی کلمه است که در قالب گفتگو تعیین می یابد. فرض گادامر بر این است که دیالکتیک در یک بازی زبانی زنده ای که در حال حرکت در آن هستیم به طرزی مخاطره آمیز به واسطه کلمات ما را وارد رخداد فهم می کند. در پژوهش حاضر ذیل تفسیر تازه ای از دیالکتیک افلاطون و تاثیزپذیری گادامر از وی تصریح خواهیم کرد گادامر پویایی کلمه را بر ثبات ایده اولویت داده و دیالکتیک کلمه را بر دیالکتیک ایده ترجیح می دهد.

plato – gadamer from dialectic of idea to dialectic of word

introductiongadamer’s definition of philosophical hermeneutics is the description of the encounter with the text. the absence of the event that is present in the first encounter with the work of art in the form of dialogue or dialectics. basically, hermeneutics is a kind of event, and dialectic is the determination of the event of understanding in philosophical hermeneutics. gadamer believes that the phenomenon of understanding occurs in dialectics. gadamer’s dialectic is the dialectic of the word. in the dialectic of the word, gadamer seeks to understand the thing itself, and the dynamics of the word in the conversation field provides such a possibility. a possibility that leads to the occurrence of understanding. in the dialectic of the word, the language game and the dynamics of words, which is a kind of confrontation in the space of conversation, precedes the stability of ideas and concepts in the dialectic of plato’s idea. philosophical hermeneutics is based on logos, and logos in gadamer’s view is the same word. philosophical hermeneutic model is based on plato’s dialectic, with the difference that in plato, dialectic is the dialectic of ideas or a method focused on ideas. the uniqueness of dialectic, according to plato, is the achievement of the highest type of knowledge. according to plato, the word is the idea of ​​the mind, which is present in the field of language in an a priori form. words can be closer to reality when their example is contained in the world of ideas. in dialectics, the idea is the essence of the word idus. the ideals are formed in the exemplary world and are revealed in the form of words and in the form of dialogue when facing the reality. what we see in plato’s perception is a sensory representation of the determination of the world of ideas. plato’s dialectic model is a direction that changes nature from logos or idea to ergon or behavior and action. but in the dialectic of the word, the ontological aspect of the cognitive existence of the word is important. the word is revealed in conversation and conversation is one of the pillars of understanding. in other words, understanding has a dialogue-oriented nature. the occurrence of narrative comprehension is conversation-oriented, assuming the dynamics of the word and its coming and going, the structure of the speech is formed. for this reason, philosophical hermeneutics is based on logos. that is, it is word-oriented. in the present study, we will find that gadamer constantly refers to plato’s dialectic for the following reasons. 1. dialectic is a way to understand the thing itself. 2. language plays a central role in dialectics, as the nature of conversation is language. it is the language of conversation that leads to the fusion of horizons. 3. in plato’s dialectic, the idea is the essence of the word idea, and the relations of the eidos are linguistic, fixed and concrete relations in the field of cognition. 4. in the dialectic of the word, the dynamism and fluidity of the word is ontologically prior to the stability of the idea in the dialectic of the idea. the basis of plato’s philosophy is based on dialectic, and this attitude is the turning point of gadamer’s attention to plato. in gadamer’s opinion, dialectic reveals the strain of understanding. 5. in gadamer’s view, plato’s dialectic, while being methodical in form, lacks method in terms of content. that is why it is the way to reach the truth. discussion conclusion nicholas dewey in gadamer’s unsettled understanding of philosophical hermeneutics, under the title of dialogue and dialectic, says about plato’s view of the word: &in plato’s opinion, words are ideas of the mind that exist a priori in language. words can be objectified or become closer to external reality when they exist in a prior form in language& (davey. 2006:190). the word with speech is the determined form of language, which finds an objective form in relation to the mind. plato’s dialectic can be called the dialectic of ideas. the process in which the stages of knowledge are passed and the word is transformed from idea or logos to ergon or practical behavior. ergon in the dialectical process is similar to behavior from the example world that has been revealed in the world. the word comes into speech following the idea of ​​the word and enters the dialogue. the parties to the conversation are like legislators who take the word from the idea of ​​the word and enter into dialectical relations. in the dialectic of the word, hermeneutic understanding does not correspond to stability and emphasizes fluidity, transformation and transcendence. understanding is not formed in the fixed and exemplary world of plato and in idos. understanding is determined based on fluid and dialectical relations between the parties. because the essence of the word does not belong to the world of ideas. the word is not made by the mind, it is independent of it. the word belongs to the effective date. the word belongs to logos, which is expressed in interpersonal and dialogue-oriented relationships. every word is a logos that came into the world. gadamer’s belief, the incompleteness of the text and the word is revealed in the reading of the text. the dialectical nature of the final word is open and unfinished. because the question and answer process is being extended and there is no definitive and complete meaning. the essence of the word is fluid and changeable. the dialectic of the word is the dialectic of evolution and transformation. philosophical hermeneutics is logos-oriented and focuses on the dynamics of words and language play against the fixedness of concepts (ibid: 188-189).the dialectic of idea means the transformation of idea into sensory representation (logos into ergon). ideas are the foundation of the world, they should be used in nature. dialectic method is the most suitable option in applying ideas. one of the goals of dialectics is to transmit true knowledge. real and fundamental knowledge is expressed in dialectics. in the dialectics of ideas, ideas are expressed in the form of words. the word (logos) is the idea of ​​the mind and it exists in the language as a priori. of course, it can be objectified when its previous form is present in the language. the dialectic of the word focuses on the fluidity of the word rather than the stability of concepts. in the dialectic of the word, the word is used as a linguistic sign, as a tool to facilitate what is in the mind in the form of sounds. the word ontologically invokes itself through speech and enters into an all-encompassing participation.