مطالعۀ جامعه‌شناختی نقش فرایند اجتماعی در تبیین رفتارهای پرخطر

امروزه، بروز رفتارهای پرخطر در بین قشر جوان از مسائل و آسیب‌های اجتماعی است که به یکی از مهم‌ترین و گسترده‌ترین دل‌نگرانی‌های جوامع بشری تبدیل شده است. با وجود کوشش‌های بسیاری که در دهه‌های اخیر برای افزایش آگاهی کنشگران دربارۀ پیامدها و کاهش این رفتارها انجام شده، همچنان بروز رفتارهای پرخطر، سیر صعودی داشته است. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر نیز با هدف مطالعۀ جامعه‌شناختی نقش فرایند اجتماعی (نظریه‌های یادگیری اجتماعی و کنترل اجتماعی) در تبیین رفتارهای پرخطر در بین جوانان کلان‌شهر تبریز انجام شده است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع پیمایشی است و جامعۀ آماری، شامل کلیّۀ افراد 15-34 سال شهر تبریز به تعداد 579694 نفر است که از این تعداد، 630 نفر با استفاده از فرمول آماری کوکران و به شیوۀ خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای به‌عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات نیز پرسش‌نامۀ محقق‌ساخت است. همچنین برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل اطلاعات از نرم‌افزارهایspss  و smart-pls استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها نشان داد همبستگی بین متغیرهای کنترل اجتماعی، جامعه‌پذیری، شکاف نسلی و همنشینی افتراقی با رفتارهای مخاطره‌آمیز به‌لحاظ آماری معنادار بوده است. همچنین، نتایج حاصل از مدل معادلات ساختاری پژوهش نشان داد متغیرهای حاضر در مدل مسیر، 29.9 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابستۀ رفتارهای پرخطر را تبیین کرده‌اند.

A Sociological Study of the Role of Social Process in Explaining Risky Behaviors

Introduction Today, the emergence of risky behaviors among young people is one of the most important social problems. It has also become one of the most important and widespread concerns in human societies. In spite of the many efforts made in recent decades to increase the awareness of the consequences and reduce such behaviors, the risk has continued to increase. Youth is considered one of the most important, turbulent and sensitive age periods in any society and this period is one of the important stages in the socialization of actors, development, orderliness, and the institutionalization of social and moral norms. This period plays a prominent role in the development of psychological and social security in such a way that the occurrence and persistence of highrisk behaviors by young people have led to the formation of antisocial subcultures, insecurity, fear of crime, social phobia, and reduced trust among citizens. The incompatibility of such behaviors with social norms and its manifestation in the form of risky behaviors can have irreparable consequences for the whole society. The occurrence of such behaviors is one of the most important social issues in societies disrupting the lives of individuals and causes serious harm to the society. Such behaviors also increase the negative and destructive physical, psychological, and social consequences in a society and can cause many other damages.   Materials and Methods This descriptive crosssectional study used survey to collect data. The statistical population of the study comprised all people aged 1534 years in the city of Tabriz with a population of 579694 people according to the general population and housing census of 1390 AH (2011). The number of statistical samples of the research was estimated to be 630 using Cochran’s statistical formula. The sampling method was multistage cluster sampling. In this way, the sample individuals were randomly selected from each region (cluster) of the municipality and by gender in relation to the population of each sex in the total statistical population of each region. A researchermade questionnaire was used to measure the variables and obtain the necessary information. The validity of the scales was of the type of content validity including formal and structural validities. In addition, SPSS22 and SmartPLS software were used to analyze the data.   Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results showed that the correlation between the social control, social empowerment, generation gap, and differential affiliation with risky behaviors was statistically significant. Also, the results of the Structural Equation Modeling indicated that the variables in the path model could explain 29.9 percent of the variations in the dependent variable of highrisk behaviors. On the other hand, according to the social process approach, the role of socialization was effective in the occurrence of deviant and risky behaviors. Therefore, the presence of individuals in different social spaces helps to form multiple and sometimes conflicting identities. Individuals’ personalities are constructed and addressed through such social relations and social networks, and cultural values ​​are internalized. In the meantime, the family is the link between the individual and society. In fact, this approach is based on the belief that family interactions and parentchild relationships, control mechanisms, and how to influence friends and peers are key elements to understanding the deviant behavior of young people. In this regard, the results of the present study are consistent with the theoretical contents of the social process.  As a general conclusion, it can be said that using the correct educational method in the family is the most basic and main element of socializing the next generation and going through the process of proper socialization of the potential of the youth. In addition, the internalization of normal norms could be a very positive and turning point for the mechanisms of formal institutions of social processes to work effectively in socializing people.