تدوین الگو به‌منظور ظرفیت‌سازی اجتماعی و جامعه‌پذیری بحران آب

چکیده هدف پژوهش حاضر، ارائۀ الگویی راهبردی برای ظرفیت‌سازی اجتماعی و جامعه‌پذیری مردم نسبت به مسائل بحران آب است. بدین منظور در پارادایم تفسیری مبتنی بر روش‌شناسی کیفی، از روش نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد رویکرد سیستماتیک استراوس و کوربین (1988) استفاده شده است. 33 مصاحبۀ عمیق و نیمه‌ساختاریافته با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری نظری و فن گلوله‌برفی با کارشناسان در حوزه‎‌های آب، علوم اجتماعی و ارتباطات و رسانه انجام شد. برای ارزیابی اعتبار، مصاحبه‌شوندگان تفسیر مصاحبه‌ها را تایید کردند و در پایان خلاصه‌ای از الگوی ‏صورت‌‎بندی‌شده به ‏چند نفر از استادان، ارائه و ‏نظرهای آنها برای اصلاح ‏و ‏تعدیل جمع‌آوری شد. مقولۀ هسته‌ای پژوهش «ظرفیت‌سازی اجتماعی» نام گرفت. شرایط علی در جامعه‌پذیری بحران آب شامل ضعف علمی ‌و آموزشی، نبودن خبرگی، نداشتن تعهد در مسئولیت، توانمندنکردن افکار عمومی، بی‌اعتمادی، پنهان‌کاری و دروازه‌بانی سلیقه‌ای، نبودن دموکراسی رسانه‌ای، سیاست‌گذاری نامناسب رسانه‌‎ای، وجود نارضایتی اجتماعی، سرمایۀ اجتماعی پایین، گذار از سنت به مدرنیته و توان ارتباطی پایین بود. همچنین راهبردهای پژوهش عبارت‌اند از: ایجاد رسانه‌های خصوصی، اعتمادآفرینی، ارتقای سرمایۀ اجتماعی، اجتماعی‌کردن بحران آب و افزایش مطالبه‌گری، خلق گفتمان و احیای فرهنگ منزلت آب، تعامل با رسانه‌ها، ایجاد نظام تشویق و تنبیه، آموزش و افزایش سواد آبی، رویکرد علم‌محور، استفاده از تاکتیک‌های رسانه‌ای، انتخاب رسانۀ اثرگذار و برقراری ارتباطات اثربخش که در سه مرحلۀ کدگذاری به دست آمد.

Developing a Model for Social Capacity Building and Water Crisis Socialization

Introduction Population growth, climate change, urbanization and diversification of water use, mismanagement ‎of water resources along with the degradation of the environment have put great pressure on the ‎limited available water resources. Competition over limited water resources has also led to ‎widespread debate in the field of water to date, which has been called the status of water resources ‎beyond the water crisis and even water bankruptcy in Iran. In such circumstances, it seems that the ‎primary precondition for successful management of the water crisis is the socialization of the issue ‎with the socialization of individuals on water issues. Environmental socialization is a relatively new ‎topic in the field of sociological studies, which means that to what extent institutions and factors of ‎socialization, such as family, school, peer group, institutions, media, etc. can influence people’s ‎attitudes, worldviews and ultimately their behavior, and institutionalize and internalize environmental ‎values.‎   Material & Methods The purpose of this study is to provide a strategic pattern for social capacity ‎building and ‎citizens’ ‎socialization towards water crisis issues. For this ‎purpose, in the qualitative ‎paradigm, based on ‎Grounded Theory ‎Methodology, Strauss and Corbin’s systematic ‎approach has been used.‎ Also, 33‏‎ ‎deep and semistructured interviews were conducted using ‎theoretical sampling ‎and further ‎snowball techniques with experts in the water, social ‎and ‎communication sciences and media. In ‎order to assess the validity of the ‎interviews, ‎interpretations of the interviews were made by self‎assessed ‎interviewees and, at the end, a ‎summary of the pattern was presented to ‎several of the ‎professors and their comments ‎were accepted for modification. ‎   Discussion of Results & Conclusions ‎The main issue of the research was called the ‘Social ‎Capacity Building’. ‎The causal conditions ‎of socialization toward the water crisis were: academic ‎and educational weakness, lack of expertise, non‎commitment in ‎responsibility, failure to ‎empowerment public opinion, distrust, concealment ‎and ‎gatekeeping, lack of media ‎democracy, inappropriate media policy, social ‎dissatisfaction, low ‎social capital, the ‎transition from tradition to modernity ‎and low communication. ‎Also, research ‎strategies include creating private media, building trust,  promoting ‎social capital, socializing ‎the ‎water crisis and increasing demand, creating a ‎dialogue of water and the renewal of the ‎culture ‎of water dignity, interacting ‎with the media, creating a system of encouragement ‎and punishment, ‎increasing training and water literacy, sciencecentered approach, using ‎media tactics, selecting ‎effective media, establishing effective ‎communication all were resulted from ‎three stages of coding.‎‎‎‏ ‏The ‎nonsocialization and noninstitutionalization of water value as contextual conditions and the ‎diversity of audiences as confounding conditions were also obtained. Thus, the positive consequences of ‎the socialization of the water crisis were: increased water literacy, a central community of ‎water discourse, and compliance with conditions. The negative consequences were the lack of ‎socialization of the water crisis, the lack of social participation, and the spread of controversial ‎rumors.‎ Iranian people live in a dry and semiarid country that has always had problems supplying ‎water in some parts of the country, however, the study shows that Iranian behavior is not in line ‎with popular behavior in a waterscarce country. Resources and consumption in the country are ‎inconsistent. Now that the country is facing a severe water crisis, the need for socialization of the ‎water crisis and socialization of the crisis by the people is urgently needed. In fact, the findings of ‎the study indicate that the water issue is not posed a socionatural crisis in the society, and this is ‎determined by the datadriven conditions in the paradigmatic model. One of the important aspects ‎of socialization is media. Since the media have a powerful voice role for all people and people ‎spend a lot of time on them, so they are at the forefront of societal factors (Gill & Adams, 2005: ‏‎‎‏90‎‏98‏‎).‎ All participants in the study believed that the media in Iran did not succeed in socializing the water ‎crisis. And people have not received enough training in this field. Strengthening media and ‎communication dimensions is one of the key points in these findings. Early childhood education ‎and the creation of a water discourse through effective dialogue about water in the community is ‎strongly recommended with the help of social facilitators and restoring lost public confidence to ‎increase their participation. It is also about revitalizing water culture and institutionalizing water ‎value in the society and turning it into a social issue alongside technical solutions to ways out of crisis.‎