مطالعۀ کیفی دلایل و زمینه‌های مشارکت‌نکردن زنان سرپرست خانوار در برنامه‌های توانمندسازی

بسیاری از سازمان‌های مددکاری اجتماعی برای کمک به زنان سرپرست خانوار، برنامه‌های توانمندسازی در نظر می‌گیرند؛ اما زنان همیشه از این برنامه‌های اجتماعی و اقتصادی استقبال نمی‌کنند؛ بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف مطالعۀ دلایل و زمینه‌های مشارکت‌نکردن زنان در برنامه‌های توانمندسازی انجام شده است. برای انجام این کار کیفی از روش نظریۀ زمینه‌ای بهره گرفته شده است و زمینۀ مدنظر مطالعه، زنان سرپرست خانواری هستند که در ادارۀ بهزیستی شهر یزد پروندۀ خدمات حمایتی دارند؛ به همین دلیل، با 30 نفر از این زنان تحت پوشش ادارۀ بهزیستی این شهر، با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند مصاحبه شده است. اطلاعات به‌دست‌آمده، با شیوۀ کدگذاری نظری شامل کدگذاری باز، کدگذاری محوری و کدگذاری گزینشی تجزیه‌وتحلیل شده‌اند و یافته‌ها درخصوص دلایل مشارکت‌نکردن زنان، 7 مقولۀ اصلی و 1 مقولۀ مرکزی (دلسردی از وضعیت موجود) را نشان می‌دهند. این مقولات، شامل احساس بی‌نیازی، رنجوری، اجبار به خانه‌نشینی، الزام به کار، فراز و نشیب وام، هزینۀ مسافت و ترس از شکست است. به‌طور کلی می‌شود چنین استنتاج کرد که موفقیت در اجرای برنامه‌های توانمندسازی زنان سرپرست خانوار، نیازمند توجه به وضعیت جسمی، روانی، خانوادگی و توانایی‌های زنان و آموزش آنان برای حضور و مشارکت در این برنامه‌ها است.

A Qualitative Study of the Causes and Context of Nonparticipation in Empowerment Plans among Womenheaded Households

Introduction Empowerment is one of the important goals in the social work practice. According to this goals, most social work interventions involve populations that are the least powerful groups or have little social resources. One of these social groups that their empowerment can empower family members are womenheaded households. They are not satisfied with their lives and have little trust to relatives and community. They also receive a little support from the society and have many responsibilities in life. As womenheaded households live individually and socially under discriminatory and powerless conditions, thus empowering them is the most important practice for social workers. Because of these, many social work organizations consider empowerment plans to help womenheaded households. But these plans are not always welcomed by women for achieving social and economic goals. Accordingly, this qualitative study was conducted to investigating the causes and context of nonparticipation of womenheaded households in empowerment plans.  Material & MethodsThis study is a qualitative study based on grounded theory. The field of study was the womenheaded households who received support services by Social Welfare Organization of Yazd. Therefore, 30 womenheaded households were selected by purposeful sampling. The women who could be empowered physically and mentally, were interviewed during 40 to 70 minutes, and before conversation, the purposes of investigations were explained for the participants. Data were collected using semistructured interview and were analyzed by theoretical coding method which includes open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In this study, the validation criteria of qualitative research include credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability which were used to test the trustworthiness and validity of the data and the processes of collecting them. Discussion of Results & ConclusionsThe participants of the study were 30 women with the age range from 30 to 45 years old. Sixteen women were working in a job and 21 women had educated lower than the diploma. After the first step of coding, 29 primary codes were collected and categorized into seven main categories including lack of need feelings, illness, reluctance, compulsion to stay at home, obligation to work, the difficulty of getting loan, and cost of distance and fear of failure. Finally, based on data analysis and participants’ experiences of empowerment plans, discouragement from condition emerged as a central phenomenon in this study. In other words, womenheaded households, because of the pressures of life and learned helplessness, were in a state of discouragement from situation. They had little hope for empowerment plans success provided by Social Welfare Organization. They also felt that this plan would not be able to improve their living conditions. The results of this study indicated that, disregarding the physical, psychological, and family conditions, interests and abilities of femaleheaded households, as well as quality of work and empowerment programs, can decrease their participation in empowerment plans. As a result, successful implementation of empowerment plans for the womenheaded households requires attention to women’s situations and abilities and to train them to attend and participate in these plans. Based on the findings of study it is suggested that physical characteristics, psychological characteristics (such as the amount of interest, motivation and talent, risktaking and fear of failure, hope, selfesteem) and family situation (such as having subteen children, family support and leisure time) for womenheaded households should be considered in empowerment plans. Also, continuous and appropriate training should be provided for womenheaded households according to their needs, physical and psychological characteristics and the types of empowerment plans. It is recommended that womensupporting organizations facilitate the process of receiving banking facilities and financial aids. These institutions should focus more on homebased jobs and businesses to empowering womenheaded households. Finally, it is necessary that the advocators of womenheaded households target and plan for psychological and social empowerment, while they focus on economic empowerment.