دراسة مقتل مرداویج الزیاری من خلال الروایات

مرداویج بن زیار بن وردانشاه الزیاریّ قائدٌ ایرانیٌّ استطاع فی مطلع القرن الرابع الهجریّ ان یحتلّ مناطق واسعةً من سواحل بحر قزوین ومناطق الجبال وجنوبیّ ایران؛ وکان یستعدّ لشنّ حملةٍ على ارّجان (بهبهان الحالیّة) للقضاء على علیّ البویهیّ، وحملةٍ على بغداد عاصمة الخلافة العباسیّة بهدف استقلال ایران سیاسیًّا. لکنّه قُتل قبل اشهرٍ من تنفیذ مخطّطهِ بطریقةٍ مشبوهة بایدی غلمانه الاتراک. تحاول هذه المقالة مستخدمةً منهجیّة السیاق التاریخیّ، من خلال جمع المعلومات التاریخیّة، والتدقیق فیها وتحلیلها للتوصل الى معرفة زوایا هذه الحلقة المفرغة المتعلّقة بمقتل هذا القائد الایرانیّ الذی کان یسعى الى استقلال ایران، لکشف الدور الحقیقی للمحرّضین على الاغتیال. تدلّ نتائج التحقیق التی تمّ التوصّل الیها من خلال دراسة المصادر والمراجع التاریخیّة، وبالاسلوب المیدانیّ، انّ مرداویج اظهر مبکّرًا وبشکل واضح عداءً صریحًا لعلیّ البویهیّ، وفکّر فی الایقاع بهذا القائد المتمرّد؛ وفی نهایة المطاف، وقع مرداویج ضحیّةً لطموحات البویهیین.

narratives of the murder of mardawij-i ziyari: a historical investigation

mardawij ibn ziyar (reign: 316-323 ah) was a famous iranian general and the founder of the ziyarid dynasty, who claimed his gilani family descended from the sassanid kings. it was in gilan that mardavij came to serve the alawites of the region. he then became one of the allies of asfar ibn shiruya, the powerful ruler of qazvin and zanjan at that time, and played an important role in establishing asfar’s authority over that region. however, as asfar’s power declined, at the beginning of the fourth century mardawij broke away from him and was able to use the conflict between asfar and the not-so-powerful samanid generals which eventually led to asfar’s defeat, and the claim of his affiliation with the sassanids as the basis of his legitimacy, to gradually dominate large areas in central and northern iran from rey to qom, karaj abi delf, abhar, hamedan and, finally, isfahan, his next capital. mardawij’s territory expanded to the point that even his troops captured dinawar near the areas under the control of the abbasid caliphate in iraq, thus effectively demonstrating their military power to the caliphate. what distinguishes mardawij from other founders of the iranian dynasties of the third and fourth centuries, is his great attention to the revival of the customs of the sassanid court, which was followed by his policy and propaganda in the lineage of the sassanids. by doing so, mardawij tried to introduce himself as a successor to the sassanids and gradually oust other rival local rulers. but at the same time, the buyids gradually sought to expand their authority in parts of khuzestan and fars, and appeared as a growing threat to mardawij. ali ibn buya’s territory which had previously served mardawij as the governor of karaj abi delf, was constantly expanding, and mardawij feared that an alliance between him and the abbasid caliphate in baghdad would be formed against him at any moment. in the midst of this, while mardawij was thinking of simultaneously conquering the buyid dynasty and the abbasid caliphate, he was killed suddenly and suspiciously in isfahan. an examination of earlier sources as well as more recent research shows that mardawij’s murder occurred due to his anger at his turkish slaves and by them. however, considering the historical context of this incident and analyzing the neglected angles of it can lead us to the main commanders and motivators behind mardawij’s murder, providing a more accurate and complete picture of this incident.the present study, by analyzing the role of the abbasid caliphate, the buyid dynasty, the turkish slaves and, of course, mardawij’s ill temper and anger towards his turkish slaves, has concluded that despite the fact that turkish slaves were the perpetrators of mardawij’s murder and his harshness provided the necessary motive for this incident, the turbulent relationships between the abbasid caliphate and the buyids and mardawij show that mardawij’s murder was in the best interest of the caliphate of baghdad and the buyids, and that they were the ones who benefited most from the removal of mardawij and, in fact, escaped the danger of his imminent attack. it can even be claimed that the buyids benefited more from mardawij’s murder and also had a greater chance of inciting the turkish slaves and creating discontent among them. the presence of hassan ibn buya, ali’s brother, as a hostage with mardawij in isfahan also paves the way for the buyids’ connection and more direct contact with those who were dissatisfied with mardawij and their possible enticement. in addition, mardawij and ali ibn buya must have been suspicious of each other from the beginning of the buyids rise to power, and mardawij must have been constantly concerned about the development of the buyids authority. the concerns and suspicions of the buyids’ side after the murder of mardawij are also reflected somehow in the historical sources written in their time, and that is why in the majority of reports on the murder of mardawij, historians aligned with the buyids were more interested in stressing the role of mardawij’s harshness and the reaction of dissatisfied slaves in this incident, rather than the other factors and elements.