بررسی انتقادی عناصر فرهنگی-اجتماعی، ایلیاتی – عشیره‌ای جنبش مشروطه و انقلاب اسلامی

در ادبیات هویت سیاسی و اجتماعی همواره نسبت بیس هویت و فرهنگ محلی و ملی مورد مناقشه بوده است برخی از متفکران به تضاد بین انگاره های فرهنگ عشیره ای و هویت ملی و تاثیر منفی آن بر تکوین دولت مدرن باور دارند، و برخی دیگر، این دو هویت را مکمل یکدیگر دانسته با دست کم بین آن ها قاتل به تضاد نیستند. در روایت تاریخی از دو رخداد مهم و جریان ساز جنبش مشروطه و انقلاب اسلامی ایران نیز همین مناقشه در شکل و محتوای روایت های تاریخ نگاری وجود دارد. بر همین اساس پرسش اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که در روایت تاریخ نگارانه از جنبش مشروطه و انقلاب اسلامی، عناصر فرهنگی اجتماعی ایلیانی چه تاثیر و جایگاهی داشته است؟» یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که مولفه رهبری ایلی سازمان اجتماعی متمرکز و سلسله مراتبی، و فرهنگ مشارکت در زندگی جمعی ایل بسترهایی را فراهم کرده است تا ایلات در هر دو انقلاب، حضور موثری داشته باشند. رویکرد ،مقاله، روش کیفی در قالب ایلات و عشایر، قومیت پارادایم تاریخ انتقادی است و داده ها به صورت اسنادی و کتابخانه ای گردآوری شده اند.

a critical review of socio-cultural elements of nomads and tribes and the constitutional movement and islamic revolution in iran

from the middle of the 19th century, at the same time as the qajar dynasty, as a result of iranians' exposure to european values, iranian identity faced new challenges. also, concepts and ideologies entered the political and intellectual li terature of that time,which did not match the historical and social reality of iranian society. one of thesesociological facts goes back to tribal and nomadic groups, which did not have muchplace in imported concepts, because they represented ethnic identities that wereopposed to a modern identity called national identity. this issue caused sometheorists to believe that there is a deep conflict between modern phenomena such asnational identity, revolution and state building in iran with nomadic-tribal spirit andtemperament. the result of this issue is that these researchers rarely mention theparticipation of nomads and tribes in the process of important events anddevelopments in contemporary iran, including the constitutional movement and therevolution of 1979, in the official and accepted historiography. on the other hand,another component that led to the strengthening of the mentioned approach wasrooted in the orientalist view, according to which, the history of the east isnecessarily nothing but a distorted form of the history of the west, and ultimately theeast has no choice but to follow the same western way. the result of the mentionedpoint of view, in the analysis of iran's history, leads to ignoring the cultural -socialelements of nomads and tribes that play an important role as the constituents of subidentitiesin interaction with the national identity in the process of the formation ofboth important events of the contemporary era. for this reason, in the mentionedarticle, a critical rereading of the historical approach was done and an attempt wasmade to remove a limited reading of history that is city-centered and centralist and therole of seemingly marginal groups such as tribes and nomads in it has been reducedas much as possible. in this critical review, the author has also tried to think aboutdifferent theoretical models and raise his main question in the way that the socioculturalelements of nomadic and tribal people have had an impact and position in thehistoriographical narrative of the constitutional movement and the islamic revolution. the fundamental basis of this research has been the attempt to createdoubt and uncertainty in the orientalist readings of the contemporary history of iran.in this regard, although the main question of the research was about the role ofnomadic and tribal socio-cultural elements in the constitutional movement and theislamic revolution, in fact, the research sought to provide newer readings of thecontemporary history of iran through this question. the hypothesis of the research isbased on the concept that national identity and the modern nation does not necessarilymean the dissolution of pre-modern formations and its integration into an artificialwhole built from above, and it is in this direction that the major developments ofcontemporary iran are not necessarily city-oriented and especially tehrancenteredand metropolis-centered and it seems necessary to pay attention to therole of groups that are outside the centers of cities such as tehran and provincialcenters – which often symbolize the realization of modernity. in this case, the field ofcontemporary historiography and sociological issues, due to the predominance of thecity-centered and tehran-centered view, has not paid much attention to the role oftribes and nomads. assuming that the society can maintain its social pluralism and atthe same time play a role in national phenomena, the three socio-cultural componentsof nomadic-tribal life (i.e. clan leadership, social organization and the spirit andculture of participation in the collective life of the tribe),