prevalence of trichomonas gallinae in birds of iran and its pathological findings: a review study

Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoan parasite that affects numerous avian species worldwide, causing a range of diseases collectively termed trichomonosis. this review study aimed to present a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of t. gallinae in birds of iran, along with an exploration of its associated pathological findings. through an extensive search of published studies, scientific databases, and relevant literature, we identified several studies conducted in iran that focused on the prevalence of t. gallinae in different bird populations as well as their pathological effect. these studies utilized a variety of techniques, including direct microscopic examination, culture methods, and molecular tools to detect and identify the presence of this parasite. this review study indicates that t. gallinae infections are prevalent among various bird species in iran, including domestic pigeons, zebra finches and turkey. the prevalence rates reported showed significant differences among various regions and bird species, ranging from as low as 2.5% in zebra finches to as high as 70% in pigeons. the clinical signs of infected birds varied from no clinical signs to visible yellowish-white masses of caseous necrotic material, hyperplasia of mucous cells and significant congestion of lung. these findings underline the importance of t. gallinae as a significant pathogen affecting avian populations in iran. using at least two techniques such as culture or pcr in addition to direct smear is recommended for better diagnosis of infection. the study highlights the need for further epidemiological studies to better understand the risk factors associated with t. gallinae transmission and to develop effective prevention and control strategies.