Emitter based approach for estimation of nodal out ow to pressure deficient water distribution networks under pressure management

The hydraulic network solver simulates the behavior of a water distributionnetwork for a given set of geometric and hydraulic parameters, such as pipe length, pipediameter, tank size, pump capacity, demand, and pipe roughness, etc. over the years,many researchers have developed a number of hydraulic simulation models (software) forthe analysis and design of water distribution networks, most of which are based on demanddriven analysis (dda). this paper reviews the existing approaches and examines theusefulness of the emitter feature that is available in the hydraulic network solver (epanet)as a tool for the pressure driven model. the emitter based method determines the possiblesupply at all decient nodes, based on the availability of energy at that node by introductionof an emitter. this method, along with three existing approaches, has been applied to threebenchmark networks, and important ndings from the study, in terms of convergence andnumerical results, are presented. the framework of the head-ow based approaches andthe proposed method is carried out using the toolkit feature available in the epanethydraulic solver.