Nanocarriers, nanovaccines, and nanobacteria as nanobiotechnological concerns in modern vaccines

This review briefly describes the concerns of nanobiotechnology in the design and developmentof novel vaccines using the most known nanocarriers, including nature-made nanocarriers (such asbacterial spores, virus-like particles, exosomes, and bacteriophages), man-made nanocarriers (such asproteosomes, liposomes, virosomes, superfluids, and nanobeads), and their applications in therapeuticand protective immunization, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. here, we focus on thedevelopment of nano-based vaccines as ``nanovaccines'' for inducing immune systems, and the foreseeablepromises and problems when compared with existing vaccines. also, we review a potential nano-hazardfor vaccines, so-called nanobacterial contamination.