design, optimization, and control of a linear tubular machine integrated with levitation and guidance for maglev applications

Nowadays, with the increase of population, demand for efficient public transportation systems has increased. magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are one of the best choices for the future. there are three separated systems in a classical magnetic train to achieve desirable performance. hence, several control systems and sensors are essential for train operation. accordingly, the classical maglev trains include complex structures, and they are so expensive. this paper presents the design, optimization, and control of a combined magnetic train structure with the integrated performance of suspension and guidance and a complementary propulsion system. these combined topologies provide a simple design, more convenient movement, and reduce construction and operation costs.