measuring congestion in data envelopment analysis without solving any models

One of the important topics in data envelopment analysis is congestion. many scholars conduct research in this field and present their methods. in most cases, we must solve many models or use them for special purposes, such as negative data, integer data, dierent production possibility set, and so on. here, we present our method, which can measure the congestion without solving a model. it can be used for different production possibility set (different technology) such as tnew and fdh, and different data like negative data and integer data. in addition, we can distinguish between strong and weak congestion of the decision-making unit (dmu). furthermore, each dmu has congestion, effciency, and ineffciency, and we can use this method to measure them. finally, we present some numerical examples of our method, and we compare our method with other methods, and then we display the results in a table.