multi-echelon green open-location-routing problem: a robust-based stochastic optimization approach

In recent years, considering the environmental competencies could help the companies/countries to successfully improve their industries regarding the sustainable development. in this study, a green open location-routing problem with simultaneous pickup and delivery (golrpspd) is considered to minimize the overall costs. in addition to cost minimization, the objective function is provided the environmental competencies regarding the costs of co2 emissions and fuel consumption. meanwhile, in complex situation, considering the precise information could lead the results to unreliable in which considering the uncertainty theories could prevent the data loss. in this respect, this study considered the pickup and delivery demand and the travel time as probabilistic parameters. to address the issue, a robust stochastic programming approach is developed to decrease the deviations of imprecise information. moreover, the proposed approach is implemented based on five scenarios to decide the best decision in different situations. in addition, a practical example about the multi-echelon open-location-routing model is provided to represent the feasibility and applicability of the presented robust stochastic programming approach. finally, a comparative and sensitivity analysis is considered to indicate the validity of the proposed approach, and also represent the robustness and sensitiveness of the obtained results regarding some significant parameters, respectively.