جامعه‌شناسی فضاهای همگانی: مطالعه‌ی تاثیرات جامعه‌شناسی و ماده‌گرایی بر شکل‌گیری معماری

تجرﺑﻪی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﻓﺮاد در ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ی ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ، از ﺑﮑﺎرﮔﯿﺮی آﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪی ﻣﻌﻤﺎری و ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﺟﻤﻌﯽ، اﻣﮑﺎن ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ و ﺑﻬﺴﺎزی در ﻓﻀﺎ از ﺳﻮی ﺳﺎﮐﻨﯿﻦ وﺟﻮد دارد و از ﻫﻤﯿﻦ روی، ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﺟﻤﻌﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪای از ﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪی راﯾﺞ ﻣﻌﻤﺎری در ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺪل ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ درﺻﺪد آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ دادهﻫﺎی ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ، روﻧﺪی ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮای ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﺮده و ﻧﮕﺮش ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮزهی ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﻣﻌﻤﺎری را ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. در ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻌﻤﺎری ﺑﺮ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎی اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ از آن ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎم »روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ« ﯾﺎد ﻣﯽﺷﻮد؛ اﻣﺎ ﻧﮕﺮش ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﺎری ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎدتواره و ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﯽ، ﮐﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺬﺷﺖ زﻣﺎن و ﺣﻀﻮر ﮐﺎرﺑﺮ، دﭼﺎر دﮔﺮﮔﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪه از رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎی ﺟﻤﻌﯽ دﭼﺎر ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ )ادراﮐﯽ/ﻋﯿﻨﯽ( ﺷﻮد، ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺎل اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ و ادراک ﻣﻌﻤﺎراﻧﻪ و ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺆﺛﺮ در ﻓﻬﻢ ﻓﻀﺎی ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﮐﺎرﺑﺮان از ﭼﻪ اﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﭘﯿﺮوی ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ؟ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ اﻟﮕﻮی ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ و ادراک ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ از ﻣﻌﻤﺎری، ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در زﻣﺎن ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و در ﺗﻮﻟﯿ ﺪ روشﻫﺎی ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻓﻌﺎل ﮐﺎرﺑﺮان، ﻣﺆﺛﺮ واﻗﻊ ﮔﺮدد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪی اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮ روی ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪی آﻣﺎری 1200 ﻧﻔﺮی و ﭘﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖﻫﺎی اﻓﺮاد از ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻌﻤﺎری ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﻫﻮﯾﺖﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، در ﻓﻀﺎی ادراﮐﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻌﻤﺎری ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎی ﻓﺮدی و ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ، ﺧﻮاﻧﺶﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ از ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪی ﻣﻌﻤﺎری دارﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺑﻨﺪی آنﻫﺎ، از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎی ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن، ﺑﻪ اﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﺮای ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد.

Sociology of Public Spaces: Studying the Effects of Materialism on the Architecture’s Formation

Architecture is the consequent of economic, social and cultural structures of a society; however, paying attention to unencrypted norms can be controversial, as it requires questioning the social product of architecture. Considering space and spatial analysis as fundamental parameters of social research should be sought from the late 20th century onwards. But the lack of a theories collection which consider space as a basic factor in sociocritical analysis, is a shortcoming of architectural sociology. This study seeks to examine the definition of architecture in terms of social product and determine whether current social spaces are compatible with social demands. Social theories that deal with artificial spaces look at how buildings and artifact environments relate to the meaningful interactions with social and community actions, and they put sociological approaches to architecture in 3 groups: building as a social reality; building as a meaningful social order, and building as a socially influential factor. According to the study of a statistical population of 1200 people in cultural, leisure and commercial functions and analysis of results, it was concluded that the architecture of public spaces has shifted toward individualism and avoided from collectivism. Therefor, it is possible to reduce the inefficiency of public spaces in the formation of social interactions by increasing the participation of citizens in design and building of these environments.