identifying emerging risks using the functional resonance analysis method (fram): a case study of an air separation unit in a steel company

Background: socio-technical systems are inherently complex, non-linear, uncertain, and dynamic. the complexity of the relationships between the components of these systems is unfathomable, and it is very difficult to predict, model, and analyze their components. in such systems, safety is not a linear and direct process. thus, the purpose of this study was to identify emerging risks using the functional resonance analysis method (fram), which can provide a new perspective in completing traditional risk analysis methods.materials and methods: the study analyzed the air separation unit process in a steel industry for performance resonance by collecting data through field studies and expert opinions. using the fram method, risks associated with the unit process were evaluated and analyzed.results: ten essential functions of the system were identified. the results revealed that the two functions of air compression and distribution and storage had high variability, and a high resonance was observed in these two functions. the other functions also indicated moderate and low variability.conclusions: the study identified ten essential functions in an air separation unit, with “air compression,” “distribution,” and “storage” showing high variability and resonance. improving their consistency and reliability could benefit the system. other functions had moderate to low variability. future work should focus on optimizing all functions, especially those with high variability, to address tight interactions and resonance issues. the analysis offers a functional map for targeted system improvements.