force variability in the short‑ and long‑term type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: force variability is related to many kinesiological and neuromuscular properties ofthe body. this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm) andsex on the several fractal and entropy indices of force changing during the repetitive isokineticexercise of knee flexion‑extension. methods: fifty individuals were allowed to participate in thestudy, and they consist of 18 patients with short‑term t2dm, 12 patients with long‑term t2dm,and 20 gender/body mass index/ankle imposed to brachial pressure index and physical activityindex‑matched healthy control (hc) individuals. torque of knee flexion‑extension was recorded foreach cycle of 40 isokinetic repetitions at a velocity of 150°/s. the slope across the peak of torquesand nonlinear fractal and entropy features in the time series was calculated. two‑way univariateanalysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of the groups and gender on the variables.results: the slope of flexor peak torques was significantly less in the long‑term t2dm than theother groups. however, the fractal features such as sd1 and 2 of poincare plot and fractal dimensionkatz were significantly decreased in the t2dm groups than the hc and in the women than men.alpha detrended fluctuation analysis and empirical hurts exponent increased in women of short‑termt2dm than men. conclusion: the force variability decreased in the t2dm as compared to hc andin women as compared to men. however, the randomness of force was significantly increased inwomen of short‑term t2dm.