application of 4d printing in dentistry: a narrative review

4d printing is an innovative digital manufacturing technology that originated by adding a fourth dimension, i.e., time, to pre-existing 3d technology or additive manufacturing (am). am is a fast-growing technology used in many fields, which develops accurate 3d objects based on models designed by computers. dentistry is one such field in which 3d technology is used for manufacturing objects in periodontics (scaffolds, local drug-delivering agents, augmentation of ridges), implants, prosthodontics (partial and complete dentures, obturators), oral surgery for reconstructing jaw, and orthodontics. dynamism is a vital property needed for the survival of materials used in the oral cavity since the oral cavity is constantly subjected to various insults. 4d printing technology has overcome the disadvantages of 3d printing technology, i.e., it cannot create dynamic objects. therefore, constant knowledge of 4d technology is required. 3d printing technology has shortcomings, which are discussed in this review. this review summaries various printing technologies, materials used, stimuli, and potential applications of 4d technology in dentistry.