تدوین مدل روش‌ پژوهش در مطالعات منظر شهری با تاکید بر پیاز پژوهش ساندرز

توافق معنایی بر سر مفهوم منظر شهری از جانب نظریه‌پردازان و پژوهشگران وجود ندارد، درنتیجه پژوهش در آن نیز چالش‌های خود را دارد و نیاز به چارچوب روش‌شناختی به‌منظور مطالعه دقیق‌تر احساس می‌شود. اهمیت طراحی پژوهش را نمی‌توان نادیده گرفت یا ساده انگاشت. روند پژوهش در منظر شهری موضوعی است که کمتر بدان پرداخته‌شده و ضرورت پژوهش حاضر را مطرح می‌کند. پیاز پژوهش ساندِرز مدلی است که به‌طور عام در حوزه‌های مختلف زمینه‌‌محور شده است. این راهنمای طراحی پژوهش، ابزاری است که به سازمان‌دهی تحقیق و توسعه طرح تحقیق به دنبال لایه‌های خود به‌صورت مرحله‌به‌مرحله کمک می‌کند و محدوده پژوهش را نیز تعریف می‌کند. از آنجایی که این مدل در حوزه پژوهش به‌طور عام کاربرد دارد و تمامی روش‌ها / رویکردهای تحقیق در منظر شهری را در برنمی‌گیرد، این مقاله باهدف تدوین مدل «پیاز پژوهش منظر شهری» دست به تغییر و تکمیل این پیاز می‌زند. پس از انجام مرور سیستماتیک در مقالات منتشرشده در حوزه منظر شهری با به کار گرفتن روش کیفی و تحلیل محتوا فرآیند پژوهش پیش برده شده و ساختار روش‌شناختی مقالات حوزه منظر شهری موردبررسی قرار گرفتند. در انتها نتایج نشان داد که مدل پیاز پژوهش منظر شهری دارای هفت لایه به شرح زیر است: فلسفه (دولایه نخست)، رویکرد، انتخاب روش‌شناختی و فرآیند انجام، راهبرد، افق زمانی، تکنیک‌ها و رویه‌ها. در هر لایه تغییراتی اِعمال‌شده و مواردی افزوده‌شده است. با به‌کارگیری این مدل می‌توان مسیر پژوهش را متناسب با پرسش مطرح‌شده و مسئله پژوهش مشخص‌تر و هدفمندتر پیش برد.

developing the model of research method in urban landscape studies emphasizing the saunders’ research onion

introductionthe urban landscape is part of the understandable objectivity of the reality of the existing space around people in the city. as a phenomenon, urban landscape cannot be assumed to have only subjective or objective dimensions. the connection between different methodological components in different fields of landscape research is always necessary. the research aims to strengthen the necessary foundations of research in urban landscape with a holistic, comprehensive viewpoint by examining the components and layers that the onion model of urban landscape research includes. therefore, a systematic review was applied of the articles conducted in the field of urban landscape. the identification and analysis of the cases used in the majority of the research onions presented by saunders et al. led to the urban landscape research onion through changes applied to this model. researchers can choose their lines of research more accurately and faster using the research onion.theoretical frameworkspecifically in the field of research methodology, a book entitled research in landscape architecture: methods and methodology was published in 2017 by routledge publications. this book deals with the conflict between objectivists and subjectivists. it states that pragmatism is the only solution to this duality (hashemizadegan, 2019: 55). in addition, many studies have been conducted with an emphasis on urban landscape and its relationship with other urban concepts. however, there has not been a comprehensive viewpoint on their methods and processes. the research onion (moving from the outer layers to the core) was developed by saunders, lewis, and thornhill (2016) for business studies. it is widely used in social sciences to construct a theoretical framework for research. in various studies, the layers proposed in the research onion model have been modified and changed according to the field of study. the research onion consists of six main layers: research philosophy, approach to theory development, methodological choice, strategy, time horizons, and techniques and procedures including data collection and analysis (melnikovas, 2018: 33; sahay, 2016: 1).methodologyafter a search of article titles and keywords for the concept of urban landscape, more than 110 with more citations were selected. after a study of the article abstracts and other preliminary studies, 71 articles were selected, analyzed, and categorized using the qualitative method and content analysis. finally, the research onion for each of the areas (the concept of urban landscape, visual evaluation of landscape, and visual management of landscape) was drawn and explained. then comprehensive research onion could use in landscape study and research compiled.results and discussionthe research conducted in iran in the field of visual management of landscape has generally been carried out at the macro scale (city), medium scale (watercourses and parks), and micro scale (streets). the survey research method and the descriptive-analytical approach have been adopted to investigate and analyze the current situation with the questionnaire tool. many articles in the field of visual management have evaluated the visual aspects of landscape. visual evaluation of the landscape is proposed as an independent concept in the field of landscape. in the field of evaluation, it is possible to become closer to people’s experience; therefore, quantitative methods, an experimental approach, a variety of techniques and analytical tools, such as visual protection levels, and philip thiel’s technique were used.the concept of urban landscape was addressed further with a view of the landscape as a whole. aesthetic, critical, and semiotic theories were proposed as the theoretical support for the studies. the research process pursued in most of them is qualitative and analytical, and comparative, inductive, interpretive, and descriptive methods have been used therein.