بررسی نقش محوری جریان فضایی– زمانی فعالیت‌های زمان غروب و شب در ادراک امنیت، مطالعه موردی: مرکز شهر رشت

حیات شبانه راهی واقعی برای گسترش روزِ کاری و نیروی محرکی برای رشد و توسعه ملی است. مطالعه حاضر با اتخاذ چارچوب تحلیلی جغرافیای زمان و تحلیل کمی روال‌های مصرف حیات شبانه در مرکز شهر رشت می‌کوشد به این سئوال اصلی پاسخ دهد که چگونه شهر رشت می‌تواند بستر مناسبی را برای جریان فضایی_زمانی فعالیت‌های زمان غروب و شب فراهم سازد؟ برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه استفاده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش‌های آمار توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون خی‌دو و تحلیل خوشه‌ای دومرحله‌ای) به‌وسیله نرم‌افزار spss انجام شد. تفاوت‌های چشمگیری در نوع مصرف حیات شبانه در مرکز شهر با استفاده از تحلیل خوشه‌ای آشکار شد. با وجود این، عدم تجانس در مسیرهای فضا_زمان را می‌توان در دو الگوی مشخص خلاصه کرد: «پارک‌گردی» و «خرید». این الگوها از بسیاری جهات با یکدیگر متفاوت بودند اما از نظر موقعیت در یک بخش از مرکز شهر (سبزه میدان) دیده شدند. اهمیت پیش‌بین های اصلی به ‌ترتیب نزولی عبارت بودند از: قومیت گروه (1.00)، جنس گروه (1.00)، اندازه گروه (1.00)، نوع فعالیت/ تفریح شبانه (0.82)، متوسط زمان صرف‌شده (0.60)، شرایط زندگی (0.48)، قومیت (0.42)، مکان (0.33)، جنس (0.27) و سطح تحصیلات (0.18). در مقابل، نقش حرفه و نوع کار، محل اقامت و سن بسیار کم بود. نتایج نشان داد که اکثریت مصرف‌کنندگان حیات شبانه‌ احساس امنیت می‌کردند و این امنیت ادراک‌شده را بیشتر (%78.2) ناشی از «فعالیت‌ها/ مردم در خیابان و...» می‌دانستند. در محدوده‌ مورد مطالعه، زنان نقش و حضور گسترده‌ای در تولید اجتماعی فضا داشتند و این نقش و حضور را می‌توان به ادراک آنها از احساس امنیت در حیات شبانه‌ مرکز شهر نسبت داد. طبق نتایج بالا و همچنین متوسط زمان رسیدن به نخستین فعالیت شبانه (19:28) و متوسط زمان صرف‌شده در مرکز شهر (3.21 ساعت)، رشت می‌تواند تنها بستر مناسبی برای جریان فضایی_زمانی فعالیت‌های زمان غروب باشد (بین ساعات 18 تا 23). سه پیشنهاد اثربخش به‌صورت توامان برای تغییر رویه فعلی مطرح می‌شود که عبارتند از ایجاد تنوع فعالیتی بیشتر در مرکز شهر، مدیریت منطقه از طریق افزایش کیفیت فضاهای شهری و حمایت از طولانی‌شدن ساعات فعالیت شبانه و حمل‌ونقل عمومی همیشگی در اواخر شب.

Investigating the pivotal role of space-time flow of sunset and night activities in the perception of security, a case study: Rasht city center

HighlightsThe greenery (shady trees and vegetation) and seating areas provide a good sense of going out in the city‘Gardens and parks’ are one of the variables of the desirability of the urban night landscapeThe majority of nightlife consumers consider their perceived safety to be more due to ‘activities/people on the streets, etc.’The spatiotemporal flow of evening and nighttime activities leads to more revenue and financial turnover for the city and municipality IntroductionNightlife and nighttime economic attractions are a proper way to expand a working day and the impetus for national growth and development. The present study sought to answer the basic question of how the city of Rasht, Iran could provide a suitable platform for the spatiotemporal flow of activities in the evening and at night.by adopting an analytical framework of time geography and quantitative analysis of nightlife consumption practices in the city center.Theoretical FrameworkThere have been many studies outside Iran on urban nightlife, most of which refer to a combination of social science studies on alcohol and the night leisure industry (Aresi Pedersen, 2016; PedreroGarcía, 2018; Søgaard, 2017). Studies conducted in Iran on nightlife have addressed the topic differently from the research performed outside Iran; these studies have been focused on geography and tourism planning (ShaykhBaygloo Soltani, 2019), urban vitality (Ghazanfarpor et al., 2019), cultural factors (Anizadeh, 2018), urban night leisure planning (Kashfi, 2012), and urban night landscape with an emphasis on lighting (AkhavanSaraf et al., 2014). Against this background of research, the present study sought to complement the previous geographic research by adopting an analytical framework of time geography and a quantitative analysis of nightlife consumption practices at the center of Rasht. The innovative aspect of the present study, adopting an analytical framework of time geography, was the combination of two fields, namely nightlife consumption and perception of safety.The perception of safety, that is, the experience of the subjective feeling of being secure (Tulumello Falanga, 2015), has been known as a key component of a wellfunctioning city (Cozens Tarca, 2016). It is influenced by many factors, including the built environment and activities (Bennetts et al., 2017; Piroozfar et al., 2019; van Nes et al., 2016) as an attribute of safer places (LlewelynDavies Partnership, 2004). The literature (Heshmati Charehjoo, 2018; Park Garcia, 2019; Piroozfar et al., 2019; Yaran et al., 2019) suggests that the activity factor alone cannot cause spatial differentiation, concentration and thus a greater sense of safety. The solution is to create a highquality environment by providing different types of complementary opportunities and activities and thoughtfully designing spaces to minimize inconsistencies so as to host a variety of uses and users. This is doubly important in the discussion of nightlife.Urban spaces attract a large number of people at night. The most easily distinguishable timespace layer is that of life and business in the evening and the early hours of the night (usually during 911 PM, but sometimes during 611 PM) (Rowe Bavinton, 2011). After evening business, nighttime business (11 PM to 2 AM) begins, and the number and diversity of nightlife users decreases dramatically, resulting in fewer services, especially public transportation. The expected outcomes of the present study were the urban nightlife ideals: to identify nightlife consumption practices and evaluate the spatiotemporal flow of activities in two layers of timespace, i.e., eveningdowntown Rasht and nightdowntown Rasht, in terms of perceived safety, diversity, and inclusivity.MethodologyA questionnaire was used for the data collection. The participants were asked to provide information on the following:(1) geographic locations of nighttime activities in the city; (2) types of nightlife activity, including the movies, cafes/restaurants, parks/green spaces, bazaars/shopping malls (commercial centers, hypermarkets, etc.), walking/running, gymnasiums, etc.; (3) arrival time and duration of the last night out; (4) companionship, involving group size and group composition in terms of gender and ethnicity.In a part of the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to evaluate their feelings of safety/lack of safety at a specific (nightlife activity/entertainment) location and state the reason. In addition, the questionnaire included questions about the respondents’ more general patterns of going out and their demographic and socioeconomic statuses. The respondents were asked how often they went out on average and where they often went for nightlife. They were also asked about their genders, ages, lifestyles (living conditions, place of residence), social classes (academic degree, occupation, and type of work), and ethnicities. The data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical methods (chisquared test and twostep cluster analysis) using the SPSS 26 software.Results and DiscussionThe cluster analysis indicated significant differences in the types of nightlife consumption in downtown Rasht. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity in the spacetime paths of nightlife downtown could be summarized in two distinct patterns: going to the park and shopping. These patterns are diverse in many ways, but could be identified at a part of the city center (Sabzeh Meydan Park). The key predictors included the following in descending order of significance: group ethnicity (1.00), group gender (1.00), group size (1.00), type of nightlife activity/entertainment (0.82), average duration (0.60), living conditions (0.48), ethnicity (0.42), location (0.33), gender (0.27), and academic degree (0.18). In this study, occupation and type of work, place of residence, and age played insignificant roles. The findings demonstrated that the majority of nightlife consumers in downtown Rasht felt safe, and this perceived safety could be accounted for mainly (78.2%) by the factor known as activities/people on the street, etc. In the study area, women had a pivotal role in the social production of space, which could be attributed to their perception of the feeling of safety in the nightlife of downtown Rasht.ConclusionAccording to the above findings, the average time of arrival at the first nightlife activity/entertainment (19:28) and the average time spent downtown (3.21 h), Rasht can be a suitable platform for the spatiotemporal flow of activities only in the evening and the initial hours of the night (during 611 PM). To conclude, three practical suggestions are made simultaneously for revision of the current procedure: to diversify the activities performed downtown, to manage the area by improving the quality of urban spaces and supporting longer hours of nighttime activities, and to provide frequent latenight public transport.AcknowledgmentThis article has been extracted from a doctoral dissertation entitled The Impact of the Physical Environment Attributes on the Perception of Safety and the Patterns of Space Use in Downtown Rasht Using Evaluative and BehaviorBased Mapping, developed by the fourth author under the supervision of the first author and the advisory of the second and third authors at the University of Tabriz.