تبیین نقش منزلت اجتماعی محله در گرایش به بازآفرینی آن با کاربست مدل معادلات ساختاری(نمونه مورد مطالعه: بافت میانی شهر اراک)

تفکیک محل زندگی اقشار مختلف در شهرها در رابطه با پایگاه اجتماعی_اقتصادی آنها در تمام طول تاریخ و در تمام مناطق جغرافیایی جهان وجود داشته است. مکتب اکولوژی شهری تمایز در شهرها را ناشی از سه جنبه پایگاه اجتماعی_ اقتصادی، پایگاه خانوادگی و پایگاه قومی_نژادی خانوارها می‌داند. هدف مقاله حاضر بررسی نقش پایگاه اجتماعی_اقتصادی طبقات منزلتی بالا بر ارزش بالای زمین در بافت میانی شهر اراک و تاثیر آن بر بازآفرینی محلات درونی شهر است. ماهیت پژوهش کاربردی و کمّی و روش آن توصیفی و علّی است. برای بررسی علل گرایش به بافت درونی و تاثیرات آن بر این بافت، از ابعاد مختلف تحلیل داده‌های پرسشنامه و مصاحبه عمیق با استفاده از مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری به کمک نرم افزار smartpls استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد: اصالت و منزلت اجتماعی طبقه ساکن در بافت میانی شهر اراک سبب افزایش قیمت بالای زمین و مهمترین علت گرایش به این بافت است (t value=2.682). در درجه بعد دسترسی آسان این بافت به مرکز شهر عامل گرایش به آن و افزایش قیمت زمین در این بافت است. تاثیر پایین بودن هزینه حمل ونقل، در تصمیم افراد برای انتخاب این محلات برای زندگی تایید نشد (t value=1.306). بازآفرینی این بافت در تغییرات دموگرافی آن و خروج ساکنان بومی و طبقات منزلتی پایین _ به دلیل افزایش هزینه‌های زندگی در این محلات به سبب اعیان سازی _ مورد تایید قرار گرفت(t value=23.861). خروجی ماتریس دستیابی نهایی و ترسیم مدل ساختاری تفسیری، دو متغیر حمل ونقل و منزلت اجتماعی را در ناحیه وابستگی، متغیر قیمت مسکن را در ناحیه پیونددهنده و متغیرهای تغییرات دموگرافی و تنوع کاربری را در ناحیه مستقل قرار داد. اصالت و منزلت اجتماعی بافت میانی شهر اراک سبب شده این بافت در شهر اراک برخلاف نظریه برگس _ که آن را بافتی با محله‌های افسرده با ظاهری اندوه بار و گاهی مخروبه، محل سکونت مهاجران و طبقات کم درآمد شهری معرفی می‌کند _ به منطقه‌ای جاذب برای بسیاری از شهروندان این شهر و محل سکونت اقشار بالای اجتماعی و اقتصادی تبدیل شود. نگارندگان در ادامه، برنامه‌ریزی دقیق برای انجام اقدامات لازم به منظور کاهش تاثیرات منفی توسعه مجدد را پیشنهاد می‌کنند.

Explaining the role of neighborhood social status in the tendency to its regeneration by applying the structural equation model (case study: city of Arak)

Highlights The prestige and identity of the middle tissues of Arak has been effective in the cost of land and has resulted in the destruction of usable residential units. Contrary to Bergess’s theory which describes the central fabric as a fabric with depressing neighborhoods with a sad and sometimes ruined appearance and the habitat of immigrants and lowincome cities the high price of land and the profitability of investing in the central fabric of Arak make it attractive. And has become the residence of the upper social and economic classes.   1. Introduction Throughout history and all around the world, the living spaces of different classes in cities have been segregated given their socioeconomic conditions. The central fabric of the city of Arak, Iran is characterized by the highest housing and land prices, and many citizens wish to live there. The high price of land in this area has led to a high demand for housing. As a result, many of the buildings are demolished and converted into new, multistory condominiums although usable by the owners and builders. Problems have arisen currently, and inappropriate prospects are expected for the future due to the replacement of singlefamily houses with multifamily apartment buildings without other residential needs considered, such as transportation, provision of health services, education, open and public green spaces, and parking spaces. The purpose of this article is to provide a structural modeling of the reasons for the above tendency and for the high prices of land in this fabric and of the impact of social status in the neighborhoods on regeneration.  2. Theoretical Framework The urban ecology perspective distinguishes cities from three aspects of household: socioeconomic, family, and ethnoracial. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of the socioeconomic status of high social classes on the high prices of land in the central fabric of Arak and its impact on the regeneration of the central city neighborhoods. Just as the lower classes and ethnoracial groups regard segregation as a way of uniting and preserving their identity, the upper classes try to maintain their residential territory in terms of habits and behaviors by segregating prestigious neighborhoods. Dignity or prestige results from approval by others. Therefore, social class can be defined as a group of individuals with similar positions in the labor market or with similar lifestyles and cultures. According to Weber’s socioeconomic theory of capitalism, economic conditions alone do not necessarily determine one’s way of life. 3. Methodology This is an applied quantitative descriptivecausal study. For investigation of the orientation toward the central fabric and its effects on this fabric, different aspects of questionnaire data analysis and indepth interview were considered using structural equation modeling and the SmartPLS software. 4. Results and Discussion The findings demonstrated that the central fabric of Arak has appealed to the population, contrary to Borges’ theory. The high prices of land in this fabric is mainly associated with its validity and authenticity (T value = 2.682). Its easy access to the city center is another factor affecting the orientation toward this fabric and the increase in land prices therein. These high prices have led to the demolition of singlefamily houses that are not yet very old, to be turned into multistory apartment buildings. The effect of the low cost of transportation on the individuals’ decision to choose these neighborhoods to live in was not confirmed (T value = 1.306). The regeneration of the fabric has changed its demographic conditions and the departure of lowincome classes (T value  = 23.861). The output of the final matrix and the design of the interpretive structural model placed the two variables of transportation and social status in the dependent zone, the housing price variable in the linking zone, and the variables of demographic change and land use diversity in the independent zone. The central fabric of Arak appeals to citizens due to its originality, prestige, and expensive land. This is contrary to Borges’ theory, which describes the fabric around the city center as one with distressed neighborhoods and a miserable, destructed appearance where immigrants live. 5. Conclusion Given that the original neighborhoods with indigenous populations in Arak provide proper opportunities for regeneration, gentrification of this fabric must be avoided, since land is a scarce resource in cities, and it is extremely costly to meet the infrastructure requirements of development. Moreover, urban managers should consider the current trend as an opportunity to provide a plan for efficient use of these lands because the lands in central Arak involve capacity and demand for housing. Thus, infrastructure and superstructure facilities and services also increase proportionally to the increase in density and residential construction. Acknowledgments The authors hereby express their gratitude to the Municipality of Arak for provision of the required information.