عوامل پیدایش دو پدیدۀ «ما تاخّر حکمه عن نزوله» و «ما تاخّر نزوله عن حکمه»

Among the quranic sciences and quran exegesis books, a term titled “ما تاخّر حکمه عن نزوله the delayed ruling until after the revelation” and “ما تاخّر نزوله عن حکمه the delayed revelation untilafter its ruling” (qur’anic verses and surahs which were revealed before their rulings and after their ruling) flourishes. the statement“ما تاخّر حکمه عن نزوله the delayed revelation until after its ruling” means there are verses which have been revealed but after some times their rulings have been legislated (arabic: تشریع tas̲h̲rīʿ) like the revelation of the verse “قَدْ اَفْلَحَ مَنْ تَزَکَّی successful indeed are those who purify themselves” (arabic: سورة الاعلی 14th verse of surah ala’la) in mecca and interpreting “تَزَکَّی to be purified” as compulsory zakāt (arabic: زکاة) and its legislation in medina. the statement “ما تاخّر نزوله عن حکمه revelation after its ruling” means a judgment has been legislated in mecca and after some time its verses has been revealed in medina like the legislation of the ruling of friday prayer in mecca and the revelation of the verses related to this ruling in surat aljumu’ah (arabic: سورة الجمعة) in medina. first time the term “ما تاخّر حکمه عن نزوله the delayed revelation until after its ruling” was stated by albaghawī and the term “ما تاخّر حکمه عن نزوله the delayed revelation until after its ruling” was declared by alsuyuti. the absolute trust (firm belief) in the speech of the companions of the prophet (arabic: صحابة saḥābah) and followers or successors of the companions of the prophet (arabic: تابعون tābi’ūn) and inattention to the principle of applicability and conformity (arabic: جری وتطبیق jari and tatbiq) and belief in a special occasion and the untrue exegesis of some verses of the noble quran are of the main reasons of causing these two phenomena. while interpreting the reasons of the invention of these two phenomena this research with analyticdescriptive method has studied the exegesis of the verses which have affirmed (justified and declared) these two phenomena and increasingly, it has revealed the untruthfulness of these two phenomena.

the holy quran method to encourage for right act through strengthening the belief concepts; case study of the impact of theism on forbearance

one of the essential principles in analyzing human conducts is paying attention to their foundations i.e. beliefs and faith. therefore, one of the holy quran methods for exercising divine commands is to strengthen the belief concepts. the holy quran has many ordinances and commands for arranging the muslims’ social life that one of them is forbearance and forgiveness for other wrongs (faults) with honour and cheerfulness. the research issue is which belief concepts god has strengthened for encouraging muslims to forbearance (arabic: صفح) and with what analysis these concepts connect to forbearance. based on the quranic teachings belief to the ultimate power of god removes psychological barriers of forbearance such as vengeance, humiliation. faith in god’s power in creation (the creator) and the divine science results the inner acceptance of the divine ordinance about forbearance for those who are abused. also, belief in god’s forgiveness and mercy makes the believers be encouraged and felt godlikeness at the circumstance of the noble forgiveness. this paper with analyticdescriptive analysis and based on the library studies in the exegetic and quranic sources has been performed.