isinglass–palladium as collagen peptide–metal complex: a highly efficient heterogeneous biocatalyst for suzuki cross-coupling reaction in water

The class of bio-nanocatalysts (bncs) is an evolving innovation that synergistically assimilates advanced nanotechnology with biotechnology. bncs promote green processes due to their low consumption of chemicals and the absence of toxic by-products. isinglass (ig), from the dutch huizenblaas (sturgeon bladder), containing approximately 98% protein collagen, is used to support the immobilization of palladium (pd) nanoparticles. this process leads to pd/ig composite, a new class of heterogeneous collagen peptides–metal bncs that exhibit high catalytic activity and reusability for ligand-free suzuki coupling reaction in water. additionally, these bncs are obviously active in the cross-coupling reaction between acid chloride and arylboronic acid, producing a high yield of the desired ketones. the synthesized bncs are well-characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, and transmission electron microscopy.