بررسی علل شکست خصوصی سازی در میان نهادهای مالی (واسطه های مالی) با توجه به الگوهای توسعه‌سازمانی (موردمطالعه: بانک های دولتی واگذارشده به بخش خصوصی)

خصوصی‌سازی، فرآیندی با اهمیت در تحول سازمانی است که اگر به‌درستی اجرا شود، رشد اقتصادی مطلوبی را به دنبال خواهد داشت؛ به همین دلیل از آن به‌عنوان موتور محرکه اقتصادی یاد می شود. درصورتی‌که به‌درستی اجرا نشود و پیاده سازی آن با بی توجهی همراه باشد، نتایج نامطلوبی را در پی خواهد داشت؛ بنابراین خصوصی سازی، موضوع مهمی در توسعه اقتصادی کشورها است که نادیده گرفتن آن صدمات جبران ناپذیری بر پیکر جامعه وارد خواهد نمود. هدف این تحقیق بررسی برخی از علل اصلی در شکست خصوصی سازی است. یکی از مزایای این تحقیق، نوآوری در متغیرهای مورد سنجش و نوآوری مکانی است. این تحقیق از نظر ماهیت و هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش جمع آوری داده ها از نوع توصیفی، پیمایشی و کتابخانه ای است. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه و اطلاعات مالی نهادهای مالی استفاده شده است. روایی و پایایی پرسشنامه از طریق آلفای کرانباخ و همچنین تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تاییدی بررسی و احصا گردید. جامعه آماری در این مطالعه، کارمندان ارشد بانک های خصوصی سازی شده تجارت، صادرات و ملت در شعب مرکزی تهران هستند. نمونه‌گیری از طریق استراتژی نمونه گیری احتمالی و از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده استفاده شد و تعداد 323 نفر از کارمندان ارشد بانک های خصوصی‌سازی شده از طریق جدول مورگان برآورد گردید. برای آزمون فرضیات، مدل معادلات ساختاری استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد، میان به‌کارگیری ابعاد هفت‌گانه مدل بورک – لیتوین (شامل؛ رهبری، ساختار، فرهنگ، استراتژی، مدیریت، تصمیم گیری، سیاست و انگیزش)، و کسب موفقیت در خصوصی‌سازی رابطه مثبتی وجود دارد. به این معنا که عدم توجه به ابعاد مدل مذکور، منجر به افزایش نسبت هزینه های عمومی، اداری و تشکیلاتی شده و نهادهای مالی به دستاوردهای مثبت خصوصی سازی نائل نمی شوند. از میان ابعاد مدل فوق، مدیریت مهم ترین نقش را در موفقیت یا عدم موفقیت خصوصی‌سازی، ایفا می کند.

Investigate the failure of the privatization of the financial intermediaries (financial institutions) with patterns of organizational development

Privatization is an important process in organizational change. If properly implemented, it will lead to good economic growth for this reason, it is known as the economic engine (Pheko, 2013). If not implemented properly, or if implemented neglectfully, it will lead to undesirable results. Therefore, privatization is an important issue in the economic development of countries and ignoring it causes irreparable damages to the body of society (Zahedi, 2012) Mirkamali). On the other hand, the main causes of privatization failure in financial institutions are lack of attention to the prerequisites of the privatization process (AlOmran AlOmran, 2011), dimensions of privatization (Waigama, 2008), and types of privatizations (Clifford, 1993).Theoretical FrameworkPrivatization was raised for the first time in the theories of classical economists (Waigama, 2008). It refers to the change of control or ownership from the public system to the private system (AlOmran, et al., 2011 Mirzade, Shahbazi, Javahery, 2009).Privatization is the most important component of the world economy in the 21st century (Sawagvudcharee, 2012). Therefore, prescribing privatization programs for developing countries is the only way to treat their sick governmental economy (Mirzade, et al, 2008 Lashkari, et al., 2009).Privatization goals include: transforming the economy to a dynamic, competitive and developmental economy and reducing the government tenure (Ram, 2012) increasing international competition (Clifford, 1993), deregulating and improving productivity (Abdel Shahid, 2002) , reducing the scope of direct jurisdiction of government in the economy (Waigama, 2008 Clifford, 1993), increasing the capacity and entrepreneurial skills and the economic enterprises efficiency (Pheko, 2013 Clifford, 1993), capital market the development (Waigama, 2008 Clifford, 1993) and gaining access to new technology and foreign markets (Clifford, 1993).Privatization occurs in five states: privatization of responsibilities, i.e., removing the monitoring role of government from a specific part privatization of ownership, i.e., transferring the majority or minority shares to the private sector privatization of operations, i.e., cooperation between government and private companies (Mirzade, et al, 2009) and tickle downs to the poorest, i.e., the development of public infrastructure, helping public companies through investments and tenders by contractors (Pheko, 2013).In organizational change, noteworthy models are : the force field analysis (Kurt Lewin, 1951), System Analysis (Likert, 1967), the six box model (Weisbord, 1976), the adaptation analysis of organization model (Nadler Nachmn, 1977), the 7S framework (McKenzie, 1981), TPS framework (Tichy, 1983), highperformance planning (Nelson Brown, 1984), recognizing individual and group behavior (Harrison, 1987), and Burklitwin model (1982). Among these models, Burklitwinis the most comprehensive model of organizational change (Pheko, 2013).Research Methodology This study is practical in terms of its nature and goal, and is descriptive in terms of data collection as well as a survey and a libararybased one. 323 questionnaires were distributed among the staff of privatized banks and the analysis was done based on the 323 questionnaires. 7 variables were applied for hypothesis testing. To measure the dimentions of Burklitwin model, standardized questionnaire (Zhibin, 2004) was used and the variables of return on assets ratio (ROA) and return on equity ratio (ROE) were measured for private banks of Saman, Parsian, Pasargad, Eqtesad Novin and privatized banks of Tejarat, Saderat, and Mellat.ConclusionThe results showed that 7 dimensions of Burklitwin model, i.e., change in leadership, culture, structure, strategy, management, policy and decsion making, and motivation were used less in privatized financial institutions. This result is consistent with works of Proskat (1978), Mills and Snow (1978), Gordon (1985), Chandler (1962), Mills at al. (1978), Trigo and Zimerman (1980), and Bagheri, et al. (2011).Furthermore, the results of this study are in line with the results of studies by Joyce and Slocom (1984), Ouchi (1977), and Galbraith (1977) that examine the dimensions of structure, atmosphere, management practices, systems and job requirements Schneider (1980) and Schneider and Bourne (1985) that examine the dimensions of management practices and dominated atmosphere Hammer (1988), Zuboff (1988), Jordan (1986), Ezazi, et al. (2011), and Mirkamali, et al. (2012) that examine the dimensions of systems, atmosphere, management practices, individual needs and values.Among the dimensions of financial institutions, management dimension was at the lowest level. Therefore, the management aspect has more effect on privatized financial institutions than other factors. The culture dimension has less effect on financial ratios of privatized financial institutions than other factors. Not using the dimensions of Burklitwin model decreases the return on assets ratio (ROA) in the privatized financial institutions rather than initially private institutions. Moreover, not using dimensions of Burklitwin model reduces the return on equity ratio (ROE) for privatized financial institutions rather than initially private institutions, and not using dimensions of Burklitwin model increases the ratio of public, administrative and organizational cost to the total cost of company in the privatized financial institutions rather than initially private institutions.Management dimension is at the lowest level among the dimensions of Burk litwin thus, this factor has more effect on financial ratios of privatized institutions than other factors. It is suggested that managers of financial institutions acquire expertise education, and skills for the successful implementation of privatization. To train skilled staff, we should empowerthem with a high commitment to change through trustbuilding, capacitybuilding and accountability in their organizations, and to providethem with a culture that is open to organizational change. Given the importance of the organizational change, in order to survive in the current extensive competitive scene and with regard to the high potential of the country for research in this area, it is suggested that the causes of success and failure for the phenomenon of organizational change be scrutinized in other organizations, so that, the reliability of the results of this research can be tested in other cases.