نظام ارزی مطلوب برای کشورهای صادرکننده نفت اوپک با توجه به تاثیر نظام های ارزی بر تولید و قیمت

قیمت ارز توسط عرضه و تقاضای آن تعیین می شود؛ اما دولت ها می توانند از راه های مختلف بر نرخ ارز تاثیرگذار باشند. میزان و ماهیت دخالت دولت ها در بازارهای ارز، نظام های نرخ ارز را تعریف می کند. درواقع نظام های نرخ ارز، چارچوبی برای تعیین قیمت هستند. این تحقیق به انتخاب نظام ارزی مطلوب برای کشورهای عضو اوپک در دوره زمانی 2015-1990 پرداخته است. انتخاب نظام ارزی مناسب برای یک کشور بسیار حائز اهمیت است؛ زیرا نوسان های نرخ ارز در یک کشور نشان دهنده نظام نامطلوب ارزی تعیین شده برای این کشور بوده و عملکرد سایر متغیرهای اقتصادی آن کشور را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. برای بررسی مطلوب بودن نظام های ارزی انتخابی توسط یک کشور، لازم است که اثرات این نوع نظام ها بر نرخ ارز و درنتیجه بر سایر متغیرهای اقتصادی ارزیابی شود. ازجمله مهم ترین متغیرهای اقتصادی یک کشور تولید ملی و نرخ تورم است. در این تحقیق برای انتخاب نظام ارزی مطلوب، از دو مدل آرجی (argy) و معیار تصمیم گیری شاخص های چندگانه (madm) استفاده شده است. مدل آرجی بر اساس رویکرد حفاظتی طراحی و با کمک روش داده های تابلویی تخمین زده شده است. مدل دوم با به‌کارگیری معیارهای کیفی و استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (ahp) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج حاصل از تخمین مدل آرجی نشان می دهند که نظام ارزی شناور مدیریت شده برای کشورهای عضو اوپک از دو نظام ارزی ثابت و شناور مناسب تر است. در روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی نیز همین نتیجه به دست آمده است. همچنین در این روش، معیارهای صادرات، قیمت و کارایی اقتصادی به‌عنوان مهم ترین معیارها برای نظام ارزی شناور مدیریت شده شناخته شده اند.

Favorable Exchange Rate System for OPEC Oil Exporting Countries with Regard to the Effect of Exchange Rate Systems on Production and Price

Based on the list released by the international organization for standardization (ISO) on January 1st, 2014, there are almost 250 types of currencies in the world for product/service trade and financial flows. The most obvious types of currency are the US dollar, Canadian dollar, Euro, British pound , Japanese Yen, Switzerland Frank, Chinese Yuan, etc. (Evans, 2014).;Exchange rate is determined by its supply and demand while the governments can affect it through different ways. The amount and nature of government involvement in the exchange rate markets define the exchange rate systems. In fact, the exchange rate systems are a framework for determination of the price. There are generally three groups of exchange rate systems including floating, fixed, and managed system. In the floating exchange rate system, the exchange rate is only determined by the market forces without the involvement of the government. The exchanges change continuously because the exchange supply and demand have volatility. In the managed exchange rate system, the exchange rate can be changed while the governments participate in the exchange markets to affect the exchange rates. In the fixed exchange rate system, the governments demand for stabilizing the exchange rates through participation in the market or regulating systems (Rittenberg, 2012).;Theoretical Framework;Selecting an appropriate exchange rate system is of great importance for an economy because it affects the exchange rate and other economic variables of a country (e.g. the general level of prices and production). Determination of the exchange rate system after the collapse of Bretton Woods system became more important because there was already a kind of fixed and somewhat adjustable exchange rate system in the countries. After the collapse of Bretton Woods system, the countries such as the petroleum exporting countries questioned which exchange rate system is more important for their economies. In such countries, the petroleum export was considered as a main factor affecting the exchange rate because this factor affects both export and government revenues as well as the exchange rate system in such countries. One of the important frameworks to select the exchange rate system was the exchange rate protective property. Based on this framework, each exchange rate system protecting the economy of the country against the entered shocks is appropriate for its economy (Komijani &Arabi, 2002).;Methodology;The main purpose of this study was to determine the framework exchange rate system for OPEC member countries during 19902015. By using the method and results of this study, the exchange rate markets and policymakers can select an appropriate system for their countries to have the minimum volatility for the exchange rate resulting in no negative effect on the economy of their country.;In this study, the models of Argy, Multiplecriteria and decisionmaking were used to select the proper exchange rate system in OPEC member countries.;In the first model, after explaining the Argy model and presenting six price and production functions for all fixed, floating, and managed exchange rate systems, Chow, Hausman, Breusch and Pagan, Heteroscedasticity of variance, and autocorrelation tests were performed by STATA software. Then, based on the data collected for 19902015, the parameters of the above six parameters were estimated by GLS method and the production and price values were calculated by Excel software. Finally, the loss function was obtained for each country and exchange rate system by calculating and adding the numerical value of production and price variance.;Results and Discussion;The results showed that the managed rate system was selected as an appropriate system for all OPEC member countries except Ecuador, Qatar, and Nigeria because the loss function value for this type of exchange rate system was less than the other exchange rate systems. The appropriate exchange rate system for all above mentioned countries was the fixed exchange rate system. As a general result in the studied period, the proper exchange rate system for OPEC member countries was the managed exchange rate system. In the second model, the analytical hierarchy model was used. so that, the factors affecting the evaluation and selection of an appropriate exchange rate system were categorized in three groups of fixed, managed, floating, and 33 sub criteria. The results obtained from by using the weight of qualitative data in Expert Choice software showed that the managed exchange rate system with the weight of 70.1% was the most appropriate exchange rate system and floating exchange rate system with the weight of 19.6 and fixed exchange rate system with the weight of 10.6 were respectively after the managed exchange rate system. In addition, in the managed exchange rate system, the export with the weight of   29.8%, general level of prices and production with the weight of   22.5, and economic efficiency with the weight of 13.3% were the most effective sub criteria for the managed exchange rate system.;Conclusions and Suggestions;As the results of both models indicated, the proper exchange rate system for OPEC member countries was the managed exchange rate system.;Based on the important role of exchange rate system in determination of exchange rate and its effectiveness on macroeconomic variables and helping the policymakers to better select the exchange rate system, considering the managed floating exchange rate system is suggested.