hakim shifai (16th century ad): bibliography and contributions to medicine and pharmacology

The safavid dynasty ruled iran between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries and is considered a prominent and golden period for the advancement of medical sciences in the history of medicine in iran. during this period, great scholars such as imad al-din mahmud ibn mas’ud shirazi, hakim m’omen, and hakim arzani wrote several seminal works on medicine and pharmacology. nevertheless, one of the influential scholars of this era was hakim shifai. he was one of the renowned scholars in the medical history of iran who lived in the early safavid era. (tadjbakhsh, 2000; rezaei orimi, and asadi, 2022). to the best of our knowledge, no research has been conducted on this great scholar and his works in the current literature, and thus, the purpose of this study is to present the scientific life and prominent works of hakim shifai.