تحلیل کتاب‌سنجی و مرور نظامند کارکردهای اجرایی در حوزه اختلال نقص توجه/ بیش‌فعالی

اختلال نقص توجه/بیش فعالی یک شرایط عصب-تحولی چالش‌برانگیز است که پژوهش‌های متعددی در زمینه کارکردهای اجرایی در این حوزه انجام شده است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، تعیین جایگاه کارکردهای اجرایی از منظر کتاب‌سنجی و بررسی اهمیت و یافته‌های کلیدی این سازه بود. داده‌های موردنیاز از پایگاه اسکوپوس با استفاده از کلیدواژه‌های مرتبط استخراج شد. نتایج نشان داد که پژوهش‌ها بین سال‌های 1957 تا 2024 وجود دارد و 27 حوزه موضوعی مرتبط شناسایی شد. حوزه‌های پزشکی، روان‌شناسی و علوم اعصاب شناختی از مهم‌ترین آن‌ها هستند. بیشترین تولید علمی در سال 2023 با 7995 مدرک و کمترین در سال‌های 1957 تا 1982 با یک مدرک ثبت شده است. روند تولیدات علمی در این حوزه رشد داشته و زبان‌های انگلیسی، اسپانیایی و چینی پرکاربردترین زبان‌ها هستند. کشورهای پیشرو شامل آمریکا، انگلستان، آلمان، کانادا و چین هستند. افراد دارای اختلال نقص توجه/بیش فعالی عملکرد ضعیفی در کارکردهای اجرایی مانند حافظه کاری و خودتنظیمی دارند. نظریه بارکلی بیان می‌کند که این اختلال بیشتر ناشی از نقص در خودتنظیمی است و نه‌تنها مشکل توجه. این دیدگاه تاکید بر رویکرد کلی‌نگر به درمان دارد و نیاز به مداخلات هدفمند و اصلاحات محیطی را برجسته می‌کند.

bibliometric analysis and systematic review of executive functions in the field of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

abstractattention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by significant challenges that has led to extensive research on related constructs like executive functions, with this study aiming to explore the bibliometric landscape of executive functions in adhd through analysis of scopus data using the prisma model and the keywords &attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder& and &executive function,& revealing publications spanning 1957 to 2024 across 27 subject areas primarily in medicine, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, where only one document appeared between 1957-1982 compared to 7,995 in 2023, demonstrating a clear upward trend despite reduced output during 2015-2016, with english, spanish, and chinese emerging as dominant languages and the united states, united kingdom, germany, canada, and china leading in contributions while iran ranked 22nd, consistently showing that individuals with adhd exhibit poorer executive functioning than peers particularly in working memory and self-regulation, supported by barkley’s theoretical framework suggesting adhd involves greater self-regulation deficits rather than pure attention problems, thereby advocating for comprehensive treatment approaches incorporating behavioral interventions, environmental modifications, and emotional regulation strategies to address these core challenges.keywords: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, executive functions, bibliometrics, systematic review extended abstractintroductionattention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that typically emerges in childhood and frequently persists into adulthood (farahani et al., 2024). the condition is characterized by chronic patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that significantly impair functioning or disrupt normal developmental trajectories during childhood (american psychiatric association, 2022).executive functions represent a relatively recent conceptual development in neuroscience. luria (1966, 1973, 1980, as cited in ardila, 2008) pioneered the theoretical framework of executive functions, proposing three functional brain units: (1) arousal-motivation (mediated by limbic and reticular systems), (2) information reception, processing, and storage (involving post-rolandic cortical areas), and (3) activity planning, control, and verification (dependent on frontal cortex function). luria specifically identified this third unit as possessing executive control capabilities. baddeley (1986) subsequently organized these behavioral components into distinct cognitive domains encompassing planning deficits, behavioral disorganization, inhibitory failures, perseveration, reduced behavioral dominance, and initiation impairments - collectively termed &dysexecutive syndrome.& contemporary conceptualizations of executive function incorporate mental flexibility, distractor filtering, goal-directed behavior maintenance, and action-consequence prediction (ardila surloff, 2007).research consistently demonstrates that individuals with adhd perform significantly worse on executive function measures compared to neurotypical controls. within this domain, executive dysfunction shows a strong association with inattention symptoms but no significant correlation with hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. this pattern persists in adolescent populations, where executive function deficits remain specifically linked to attention-related impairments (martel et al., 2007).this study sought to systematically synthesize existing evidence on the relationship between executive functions and adhd, with the dual objectives of (1) mapping current knowledge and (2) identifying critical research gaps. the findings illuminate persistent questions, methodological limitations, and testable hypotheses that can inform future investigations. importantly, the analysis reveals key areas where extant evidence remains inconclusive, thereby delineating priority domains for targeted research to advance understanding of adhd-related executive dysfunction.methodthis applied research employs a dual methodological approach combining bibliometric analysis with systematic review methodology following the prisma framework. data extraction focused specifically on adhd-related literature sourced from the scopus database, an authoritative bibliographic platform established by elsevier in 2004. scopus maintains international recognition as a comprehensive repository of scientific documents across disciplines, providing robust citation indexing and bibliographic metadata for research synthesis.table 2: most cited articles in the field of adhd titleauthorssource titleyearcited by1the unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex &frontal lobe& tasks: a latent variable analysisa. miyake; et al.cognitive psychology2000107482schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (k-sads-pl): initial reliability and validity dataj. kaufman; et al.journal of the american academy of child and adolescent psychiatry199779453behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of adhdr.a.barkley.psychological bulletin199754564the worldwide prevalence of adhd: a systematic review and metaregression analysisg.polanczyk.; et al.american journal of psychiatry200740465prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescencee.j. costello; et al.archives of general psychiatry200329626the prevalence and correlates of adult adhd in the united states: results from the national comorbidity survey replicationr.c.kessler; et al.american journal of psychiatry200629527a 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderjensen p.s.archives of general psychiatry199928818testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networksj. fan.; et al.journal of cognitive neuroscience200226879the nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusionsa. miyake; et al..current directions in psychological science2012266710working memory: theories, models, and controversiesbaddeley a.annual review of psychology2012256911the cerebellar cognitive affective syndromej.d. schmahmann; et al..brain1998256412annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescentsg.v.polanczyk; et al..journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines2015246813psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived samplee.simonoff; et al.journal of the american academy of child and adolescent psychiatry2008241114neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidencer.w heinrichs.; et al..neuropsychology1998238715identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysisj.w. smoller.; et al..the lancet2013226816a 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (finger): a randomised controlled trialt. ngandu; et al.the lancet2015220417the world health organization adult adhd self-report scale (asrs): a short screening scale for use in the general populationr.c. kessler; et al.psychological medicine2005220318relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergartenc. blair.; et al..child development2007219619frontal-subcortical circuits and human behaviorcummings j.l.archives of neurology1993204320altered baseline brain activity in children with adhd revealed by resting-state functional mriy.-f. zang.; et al..brain and development2007202921comorbiditya. angola; et al..journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines1999195822long-term cognitive impairment after critical illnessp.p.pandharipande. et al.;new england journal of medicine2013191623diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in parkinson’s disease: movement disorder society task force guidelinesi, litvan; et al..movement disorders2012189424executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative frameworkn.garon; et al.psychological bulletin2008181025genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide snpss.h. lee.; et al.nature genetics2013176326global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019 the lancet psychiatry2022164227functional topography in the human cerebellum: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studiesc.j. stoodley; et al..neuroimage2009161428human catechol-o-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disordersh.m. lachman; et al..pharmacogenetics1996159729the spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathya.c.mckee. et al.;brain2013158830development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switchingm.c. davidson; et al..neuropsychologia20061525discussion and conclusionthis study aimed to (1) establish the bibliometric positioning of executive functions research and (2) systematically review this construct’s significance and key findings within adhd studies. analysis of scopus data revealed the first adhd-related document was indexed in 1995, with publication rates showing a general upward trend. peak productivity occurred in 2023, while the period 1957-1982 showed minimal output. our quantitative bibliometric approach enables comprehensive analysis of: research productivity trends, leading institutions/countries, prominent authors, high-impact journals, and frequently cited works in this domain. these analyses can foster enhanced scientific collaboration by mapping the field’s intellectual structure.barkley’s (1997) behavioral inhibition theory posits that adhd stems from a core deficit in self-regulation, where impaired behavioral inhibition disrupts executive functioning. this foundational impairment manifests as difficulties in: (1) non-verbal working memory (manipulating visual/spatial information), (2) verbal working memory (maintaining inner speech for self-guidance), (3) emotional self-regulation, and (4) goal-directed planning/problem-solving. rather than constituting a simple attention deficit, adhd emerges as a complex self-regulation disorder with cascading effects across cognitive and behavioral domains.the theory’s clinical implications are threefold: first, it reorients intervention focus from symptom management to addressing underlying regulatory mechanisms. second, it advocates for multimodal strategies combining behavioral training (e.g., cognitive-behavioral techniques), environmental adaptations (e.g., structured routines), and caregiver education. third, it underscores the condition’s chronicity, necessitating longitudinal, personalized treatment plans that evolve with developmental needs.