poor understanding of radiation profiles in deep space causes inaccurate findings and misleading conclusions

The radiation environment in deep space, where astronauts are behind the shelter provided by the earth’s magnetosphere, is a major health concern. galactic cosmic rays (gcr) and solar particle events (spe) are two basic sources of space radiation in the solar system. the health risks of exposure to high levels of space radiation can be observed either as acute and delayed effects. zhang et al. in their recently published paper entitled “γh2ax responds to dna damage induced by longterm exposure to combined lowdoserate neutron and γray radiation” have addressed the effects of different cumulative radiation doses on peripheral blood cell, subsets of t cells of peripheral blood lymphocytes and dna damage repair. these researchers exposed animals to low dose rate 60corays at 0.0167 gy h−1for 2 h/d and 252cf neutrons at 0.028 mgy h−1for 20 h/d for 15, 30, or 60 consecutive days. they reported that the mrna of h2ax increased significantly, and showed a positive correlation with dose. despite strengths, this paper has several shortcomings such as poor definition of low dose radiation as well as space and reactor radiation environments. another shortcoming of this paper comes from this point that blood cell studies do not represent the biological effects of ionizing radiation on the total body. moreover, the effects of the human immune system and dna repair mechanisms are not included in the study. the role of preexposures and induction of adaptive response phenomena in decreasing the risk of radiation in deep space missions are also ignored.