جامعه و فرهنگ و تاثیر آن بر فرم سفالِ پیش از تاریخ سیلک

پژوهش پیش رو در مورد بررسی رابطه میان عناصر فرهنگی و فرم سفال های سیلک، از آغاز تا دوره شش ماست. سفالِ پیش از تاریخ ایران غالباً پیرامون دو مقوله فرم (یا شکل) و نقش مایه مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. پژوهش های انجام گرفته در مورد فرم سفال نیز اغلب محدود به بررسیِ ترکیبات و نحوه ساخت بوده است. از جمله مسائل مهم در مورد فرم سفال در فرهنگ های پیش از تاریخ، گرایش به تکرار یا تولید پیوستهیک یا چند فرم در یک دوره باستان شناسی است. برای نمونه در سیلک سوم تمایل آشکاری نسبت به تولیدانواع ساغر یا جام دیده می شود. این در حالی است که فرم ظروف در سیلک چهارمی کسر متفاوت می شود ودر سیلک ششم نیز فرم نسبت به دوره های پیش از خود تغییرات اساسی پیدا می کند. در این مقاله هدف ایناست تا با استفاده از فرم، منتها از منظری متفاوت، شناختی از فرهنگ های پیش از تاریخ حاصل شود. پرسش اصلی این نوشتار این است که چه رابطه ای میان تکرارِ تولید فرم سفال با مسائل فرهنگی جامعه سیلک درپیش از تاریخ بوده است؟ برای رسیدن به پاسخ پرسش مورد نظر رابطه میان فرم سفال با سه مقوله مرتبط بافرهنگ همچون کشاورزی، دین و طبقات اجتماعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. برای بررسی دقی قترِ مسئله،سفال سیلک با سفالِ تمدن های همزمان خود در نجدِ ایران و بین النهرین و فرهنگ های پیش از تاریخ دیگرمقایسه شده است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می دهد که تکرار فرم یا فرم هایی در یک دوره یا تمدن(مانند سیلک) امری تصادفی نبوده است و همزمان با توسعه کشاورزی و ظهور محصولات جدید و نیز مذهبو روابط اجتماعی فرم سفال دچار دگرگونی و تحول می شده است. شیوه پژوهش بر روش توصیفی-تحلیلی استوار بوده و روش گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتابخانه ای است.

Influences of Society and Culture on the Form of Sialk's Prehistoric Pottery

Most archaeological sites of Iran have had the art of pottery. Pottery has a fundamental importance in the study of cultures.  Special features of pottery caused to be intact through theincidents.  There is no doubt a part of our knowledge about the prehistoric cultures of Iran has obtained through the study of pottery. This paper is about the study of relation between cultural elements and the forms of Sialk's pottery from the beginning to the 6th era. Iran's prehistoric pottery is examined through two main categories: motifs and forms. While our knowledge about the culture, ideology and environment has been achieved through the study of motifs, the form has been studied limitedly. In fact the concepts, thoughts and life of prehistoric human has considered by motifs, while the study of forms has declined to the method of production, techniques and materials. On the other hand we know  one of  the most important features of pottery in Iran is the diversity of form as every culture  has had its special style in making pottery. Also one of the most important problems of pottery is a trend towards the constant production of some forms in a prehistoric culture. For instance at the third period in Sialk, had been a strong trend towards the constant production of goblets. There is absolute different between the form of fourth period and the third. In this period we have a sort of jug that the same type of this vessel had not been in the previous period. Also from the sixth period some teapots with long tube has explored that is different from the previous period’s vessels. The main intention of this paper is to gain information about the prehistoric culture of Sialk through a new approach to the pottery form. The main question of this paper is that what relation can exist between the constant production of pottery forms and cultural elements in Sialk?   The relation between form and culture has considered through three categories: agriculture, religion and social classes. Cultivation of some crops like barley and dairy products had great influences upon the structure of vessel.  In some cultures the special ideology or ritual had great influences upon the form of pottery. In religion context the rim, mouth, base and the size of vessel had changed in the third, fourth and sixth era as has analyzed in this paper. As the archaeological documents show the social classes of prehistoric culture had their special vessels. For instance the King in some relief and inscriptions had a small goblet in his hand while the servants has depicted with a big jug on their shoulders. The form and structure of each of these vessels indicate to the situation of these classes.   Sialk's pottery has compared with some prehistoric cultures of Iran and Mesopotamia because we know it has been communication between Iran and Mesopotamia’s cultures. This comparison has done in order to obtain reasonable answer. For instance there is a similarity between the diet of Sialk’s third era and Ubaid culture. The results of this paper indicate that the similarity between the form of pottery vessels of these cultures related to the diet and religion. The results indicate a strong trend towards the constant production of a form in an era is not accidental and these elements had great influences on pottery form. Along the development of agriculture and appearance of new crops and appearance of religion, pottery form fundamentally had changed. The method of this research is based on analytical and descriptive approach. Study of myths and religious text is inevitable. Hence the intertextual approach is used in this paper.