ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ روﺳﯿﻪ درﺑﺤﺮان ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ازﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻗﺪرت ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ

وﻗﻮع ﺑﺤﺮان ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞﺷﺪن ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺪرتﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪای و ﻓﺮاﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ای اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﯿﺘﯿﮑﯽ و اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﯾﮑﯽ ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً در ﮐﺎﻧﻮن درﮔﯿﺮی ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﯿﺮد و ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺪان زورآزﻣﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﻮد. در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺤﺮان ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎی اﯾﺮان، ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ، ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن، اﻣﺎرات، اﺳﺮاﺋﯿﻞ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ روﺳﯿﻪ، آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ و اروﭘﺎ ﻧﻘﺶآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ، ﻣﺘﻌﺎرض و ﻣﻮازی ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان، ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻧﻔﻮذ و ﮐﺴﺐ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ اﻣﺘﯿﺎزات ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ - ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﺪه ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ روﺳﯿﻪ در ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻗﺪرت ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺆال، ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎی ﻋﻤﺪه ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ روﺳﯿﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ از ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎی ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺪرت ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﺪرت ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ و ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ از ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮاﻧﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن اﯾﺮان و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ از ﯾﮏﺳﻮ و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎی ﻧﺮم ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﯽ، دﻓﺎع از رژﯾﻢ ﺑﺸﺎر اﺳﺪ و وﺗﻮی ﻗﻄﻌﻨﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ، ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان در ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ آنﻫﺎ، اﺑﺘﮑﺎر ﻣﺬاﮐﺮات ﺻﻠﺢ، ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزی ارﺗﺶ ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻧﻔﻮذ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی و ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ از ﺳﻮی دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. در اﯾﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، ﻗﺪرت ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ روﺳﯿﻪ ﺳﻌﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻮد را از ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﺤﺮاﻧﯽ و دوران ﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﺸﺎر اﺳﺪ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورد. ﻧﻮآوری اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﻧﺒﻮد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ داﺧﻠﯽ، اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج دادهﻫﺎی ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺮای ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪو ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ روﺳﯿﻪ در ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻗﺪرت ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ.

Russia’s Foreign Policy in Syria from the Perspective of Smart Power

The emergence of the Syrian crisis means that Syria has become the center of confrontation between regional and supraregional powers. Syria’s geopolitical and strategic position has made it almost at the center of the conflict between the powerful countries and it has become a testing ground. Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, as well as Russia, the United States and Europe are playing a role in this crisis. Given the coexisting, conflicting and parallel interests of the actors, each of them seeks to expand their influence and gain maximum points. This descriptiveanalytical article seeks to answer the question: What are the main strategies of Russian foreign policy in Syria from the perspective of smart power? In answer to this question, the hypothesis of the article states that based on the combined nature (soft power and hard power) in the smart power model, although the software dimensions of Russian power in the peripheral field have been seriously challenged, but the focal point of this country’s smart power is based It is hard on power. Therefore, Russia’s foreign policy is a combination of tough policies including the use of military power and supporting the role of actors such as Iran and Turkey on the one hand and soft policies including countering Western discourse, defending Assad and vetoing resolutions, maintaining balance between actors to manage etc. In this regard, Russia’s intelligent power tried to make the most of the crisis and the period of Assad’s stability at the lowest cost.