تبیین مولفه های ژئوپلیتیک اثرگذار بر پیوند استراتژیک کشورها مطالعه موردی؛ ایران و عراق

تامین منافع و دستیابی به امنیت مطلوب برای کشورها به تنهایی بسیار سخت است. اتحاد با دیگر کشورها و قدرت ها راهی برای پیشبرد اهداف ملی و تامین منافع بوده و تضمین بیشتری برای بقاء، پیشرفت، توسعه و صلح برای کشورها به همراه آورده است. این که چه عوامل و شرایطی به اتحاد و پیوند کشورها می انجامد محل مناقشه و مباحثه بسیاری بوده و از زوایای گوناگونی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. با وجود آنکه به نظر می آید ویژگیهای مشترک و مشابهات جغرافیایی مقدمه ایجاد اتحاد بین کشورهاست اما نمونه ایران و عراق در خاورمیانه، می تواند نقیض چنین ادعایی باشد. آنها به جز دوره اندکی در سده بیست، در بیشتر ایام سده با هم در یک نوع تخاصم به سر برده، حتی جنگ هشت سالهای هم بین دو کشور اتفاق افتاد. بنابراین سئوال اصلی این پژوهش این است که عوامل و مولفه های جغرافیای سیاسی و ژئوپلیتیک چگونه به اتحاد کشورها می انجامند و این عوامل و مولفه ها در پیوند استراتژیک بین دو کشور ایران و عراق چگونه است؟ این پژوهش به روش توصیفی انجام شده و مبتنی بر داده های کتابخانه ای و اسنادی است. نتایج بررسی نشان می دهد که مولفه های محیط داخلی )مولفه های اقتصادی، اجتماعی – فرهنگی، مولفه های جغرافیایی و سیاسی، امنیتی و ژئوپلیتیکی(، محیط خارجی منطقه ای و سرانجام محیط جهانی بر کیفیت و کمیت پیوند استراتژیک بغداد – تهران تاثیرگذار بوده است و پیوند استراتژیک دو کشور تابع همراهی و کارکرد مثبت مثلث ذکر شده است که خود برآمده از مولفه های پیچیده تری است.

Explaining geopolitical components affecting the strategic linkages of countries Case Study: Iran and Iraq

1 IntroductionIn the complex world of our time and with the spread of security threats and the requirements for security, governments are bound to create coalition and alliance among themselves in order to achieve their goals better. Iran and Iraq are two neighboring countries with multiple intricacies and vicissitude relations. These two countries haven rsquo;t had a strategic bind with each other and reveal either as enemies or most optimistically, uncontestable competitors. Whilst during the history, they have suitable overlaps in various fields for alliance. This paper aims to analyze and explore the linking components of the two countries. 2 Theoretical FrameworkAs Morgenta argues alliances are considered as the necessary functions of balancing power in multipolar systems and alliance is the most significant manifestation of power balance. Johnson explains strategic alliance as compromise among two or more companies or groups to follow a set of agreed goals, whilst their organizations remain independent. But the main issue of this study is to find the place of political geography and geopolitics in strategic alliance of countries. Geopolitics and geostrategic conditions and factors can also play role in creation or collapse of alliances. There are a set of political geographic and geopolitical factors involved in strategic alliance among countries that are used by the actors in convergence or strategic alliance. In geopolitical point of view, alliances can give a new meaning to the political borders drawn on the maps and diminish or eliminate some of the social and cultural limitations.3 Research MethodThis study has been done through descriptiveanalytic method. The data and required information were collected by the library method and was subject to analyze by descriptiveanalytical method.4 Research FindingsThere is a broad range of political geography and geopolitical factors involved in strategic linkage of Iran and Iraq.Iran and Iraq have a singleproduct economy and they are significantly affected by changes and transitions occur in the oil market. But in the field of strategic linkage, this problem can be at least the messenger of collision and convergence: Considering that they both countries need huge financial resources for their reconstruction and development; both will be interested in OPEC policies to maximize oil revenues.Iraq is one of the countries with very short coasts compare to its territory. This fact caused to determine the geostrategic shortage of appropriate access to the sea for Iraq. Undoubtedly, Hydropolytechnic is another geographical component with an increasing significance. In order to meet the increasing demands of providing the citizens with fresh water, Iran will be required to imply more control over its waters. This action will face the dozens of villages in Iraq at risk of destruction.Metaphor of ldquo;Mortar rdquo; for role of the cultural and social sphere in the strategic linkages between countries might be appropriate, due to the depth of their effects on the nation rsquo;s bodies. Iran and Iraq have lots in common; however, their transition from potential to actual depends on the national goals of Baghdad and Tehran. Neighboring countries of Iran and Iraq, as well as other regional and transnational actors influencing regional transformations, have different attitudes toward Appropriate Iraq and Iran , considering political, security and geopolitical components. Sometimes, there are overlaps among these attitudes and strategies and they are often contrary and even contradictory to each other.The importance of the external environment in determining global politics is undeniable. The external environment implies the effective powers on the world politics; that is powers whose strategy defines discourses governing world politics.5 Discussion and conclusionIn search of role of geography and geopolitics in linking the two countries, it seems the lack of strategic alliance between the two countries is due to geopolitical perceptions and mental images of decisionmakers. Despite common factors like religion, ethnicity and foreign threats, the political components mainly foreign ones in the historical periods prevented the establishment of unity and convergence between the two countries. Historically, at the beginning of Iraq's independence, while similar in the political system and the bloc of world power, none of the two countries carries problematic ideologies that threaten the survival of each other's regime. When the political linkage between the two countries shifted to the darkness of Arab nationalism, along with a kind of leftwing ideology represented by Baghdad, it darkened the political alliance between the two countries, which was resolved later by the Algerian treaty. In the second half and along with the Iranian revolution, pursuit of Shiite ideology leading by Tehran caused Baghdad's reaction and continued until the end of Saddam's time. But now is the time which seems both countries have aligned political and more he interests and reasons for the strategic alliance of nations have been created.