بررسی و تحلیل باستان‌شناختی الگوهای استقراری دشت همدان-بهار از آغاز دوران اسلامی تا پایان دوره صفوی

دشت همدان بهار یکی از مهم‌ترین کانون‌های استقرار جوامع انسانی در دوره‌های مختلف پیش از تاریخی، تاریخی و به ویژه دوران اسلامی بوده است. این دشت در سال‌های 1385 و 1388 با هدف شناسایی محوطه‌های استقراری بررسی شده است اما به منظور مطالعه الگوهای استقراری محوطه‌های اسلامی و برای پاسخ به سوالاتی از قبیل؛ مهم‌ترین عوامل شکل‌گیری محوطه‌های دوران اسلامی دشت همدان چه بوده است؟ و حجم عمده مکان‌های استقراری دشت همدان مربوط به چه قرونی از دوران اسلامی است؟ در تابستان سال 1394 مورد بازنگری قرار گرفت. در این بررسی باستان‌شناسی تعداد 14 محوطه بازبینی و 2 محوطه نویافته اسلامی شناسایی گردید و برای درک بهتر الگوهای استقراری، اطلاعات مکانی آن‌ها از قبیل؛ موقعیت جغرافیایی، ویژگی‌های زمین‌شناختی محدوده محوطه، ارتفاع از سطح زمین‌های اطراف، شکل محوطه‌ها، مساحت، دسترسی به منابع آب، مسیرهای دسترسی و اطلاعاتی از این دست در فضای نرم‌افزار gis وارد شده و سپس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. به دلیل اهمیت جایگاه داده‌های سفالی در گاهنگاری نسبی یک منطقه بعد از مطالعات گونه‌شناختی سفالینه‌ها و شناخت انواع تولیدات شاخص سفالی، مشخص گردید که محوطه‌های اسلامی دشت همدان بر اساس دو عامل زمین‌های حاصلخیز و مسیرهای کاروانرو پراکنده شده‌اند و وجود ویژگی‌های دفاعی در برخی از محوطه‌هایی که در کنار مسیرهای کاروانرو قرار دارند، نشان از اهمیت این موضوع در پراکنش محوطه‌ها دارد.

Archaeological Survey and Analysis the Settlements of Hamedan Plain from the Beginning of the Islamic Period to the end of Safavid Period

The HamadanBahar Plain has been one of the most important center for human societies in the various periods, especially in the Islamic Period. The archaeological explorations of this plain was done in the years of 2006 and 2009. But for study and analyze the settlement pattern the Islamic Period and for answer to questions such as, what have been the most important factors for the formation of Islamic Period sites in the Hamedan Plain? And the main volume of Islamic settlements in the Hamedan Plain were have been related to which century of the Islamic period? this plain was reviewed in the year of 2015. The main purpose of this review is to identify the settlement patterns of Islamic sites in the Hamedan plain based on the review of identified sites. In this study, which was conducted in the field study and in the form of a marching, 14 sites were reviewed and 2 newly sites were discovered in the study area. In order to better understand the settlement patterns, spatial information of sites was entered in the GIS and then analyzed. Due to the importance of the position of pottery data in the relative chronology of a region, after studying the typology of pottery and recognizing the types of special pottery products, it was found that the Islamic sites of Hamedan Plain are scattered based on two factors: first fertile lands and second caravan routes. The presence of defensive features in some of the sites which adjacent to the caravan routes indicates the importance of this issue in the distribution of sites. In addition, the influence of significant sites such as Hegmataneh site as the central settlement of this plain in the Islamic period has been effective on a number of sites around it. The lowlands, north of the Alvand Mountain is one of the middle plain in the central Zagros Mountain which in the past was known as Hamedan Plain and today is known as HamedanBahar Plain. (Figure 1). Archaeological studies show that the HamedanBahar Plain with about 880 square kilometers has been one of the most important centers for the establishment of human societies in the prehistoric and historical periods. Studies on prehistoric and historical sites have clarified the course of human cultures of this plain during that periods, However, the lack of sufficient attention to the sites of the Islamic period and the findings related to this period have left many archeological angles of this period unknown. The archaeological explorations of this plain has been done in the years of 2006 and 2009. (Mohammadifar and Motarjem, 2006; Balmaky and Motarjem, 2009). During these studies, a large number of discovered sites have been introduced as sites of the Islamic period. The Intended plain in the form of a master’s thesis, was reviewed in form of field study in the summer of 2015 for the aim of studying and analyzing the settlement patterns of the Islamic sites (in the time period from the beginning of the Islamic period to the end of the Safavid period) and to answer the questions such as; what have been the most important factors for formation of the Islamic Period sites in the Hamedan Plain? And the main volume of Islamic settlements in the Hamedan Plain were have been related to which century of the Islamic period? Due to insufficient attention to the artifacts and findings of the Islamic period, especially pottery in the surveys of previous years, out of about 50 identified sites, that were introduced as Islamic sites, only 14 sites had cultural artifacts belong to this period. During this review, two other newly Islamic sites discovered and a total of 16 sites were introduced as sites of the Islamic period. for better understand the settlement patterns, spatial information of sites such as; Geographical location, geological features, altitude, shape, area, access to water resources, access to the routes, etc. were entered in the GIS and then analyzed. Based on these studies, the Islamic sites of HamedanBahar plain were divided into six groups (Figure 2). The first and second groups are related to sites that have been completely destroyed, due to the invasion of agricultural lands or relatively large amount of residential area, and very little evidence of these sites remains today. The third group are the sites, that are less than 10 meters high and less than onehectare area. The next group is related to sites, that are more than 10 meters high and their areas are less than onehectare. The sites of this group, like the previous group, do not have a clear and orderly shape. The fifth group is related to sites which have more than 10 meters high and have an area of more than onehectare to 10 hectares. The shape of this group of sites is geometrically regular, such as squares and rectangles (Figure 7). In the survey of these sites the evidence of defensive fortifications has been seen. The last group is related to sites, that are more than 10 meters high and more than 10 hectares in area. (Table 1). The only settlement of this group is the Hegmataneh/Hamedan Mound, with an area of more than 34 hectares which is considered as the settlement center of the plain. The studies have shown that the sites of groups three and four, around 75% of the total identified sites, dedicated to themselves which are located in the area with very fertile land and often located next to a site with an area of more than one hectare and there are specific defense structures. (Figure 3 and 4). These sites are most likely belong to very small villages that are directly related to the surrounding agricultural lands to be affected by large sites that have a defensive structure. The sites with a defense structure, which are often more than one hectare, are located next to the entrance of caravan routes into the plain. (Figure 7). The existence of sites with defense structures inside the plain, in addition to emphasizing the importance of the transit position of the region, has also shown the existence of insecurity. Based on the analysis of spatial information, the Islamic sites of the HamadanBahar plain are scattered based on two factors: fertile lands and caravan routes and the presence of defensive features in some of the settlements along the caravan routes, shows the importance of this issue in the distribution of sites. The collected pottery was carefully analyzed and their typological studies were carried out with wellknown centers sites of the Islamic period. During the study more than 20 types of pottery were identified (Table 2).