معماری دست‌کند روستای بابا در طارم سفلی

فضاهای معیشتی با کاربری های مختلف در معماری روستایی ایران از اشکال متنوعی برخوردار است. یکی از این گونه فضاها، فضاهایی است که برای نگهداری دام ساخته می شود. این فضاها به صورت مستقل و یا در پیوند با بافت روستاها شکل گرفته اند. فضاهای دامی با معماری آزاد و یا معماری دست کند ایجاد شده اند. در سال 1397 مجموعه ای از فضاهای دست کند در روستای بابا واقع در منطقه کوهستانی طارم سفلی از توابع شهرستان قزوین برای نخستین بار مورد شناسایی نگارنده قرار گرفت. در داخل دره و بر دامنه صخره ای روستای بابا، هفت فضای دست کند با فاصله اندکی نسبت به یکدیگر و تقریبا در یک راستا ایجاد شده است. ساختار معماری آنها مشابه و از یک راهرو، ورودی کوتاه و اتاقی بزرگ با پوشش تاق آهنگ تشکیل شده است. راهرو ورودی بنا ترکیبی از لاشه سنگ های خشکه چین و دست کند و بقیه فضاها به صورت دست کند ساخته شده است. همچنین دو فضا از طریق دالانی کوتاه در کنار ورودی، به یکدیگر مرتبط و سایر فضاها مستقل هستند. اتاق ها فاقد نورگیر هستند و تنها از طریق ورودی به فضای خارج راه می یابند. در طول دیوارها و نیز در زوایای اتاق ها، تاقچه ها و حفره هایی کنده شده است. بر سطوح داخلی آنها آثار اندود گچ و نیز در لبه آنها بازوی گلی دیده می شود. همچنین بقایایی از سکو های سنگ چین همراه با ملات گل در طول دیوار اتاق ها امتداد یافته اند. مقاله حاضر به شیوه توصیفی _ تحلیلی تلاش می کند ضمن معرفی این آثار نویافته و شناخت ویژگی های آن، جایگاه آن را در معماری روستایی تبیین نماید. بررسی و تحلیل فضاهای معیشتی روستا نشان می دهد که مجموعه معماری دست کند روستای بابا در زمره فضاهای دامی و به عنوان آغل احشام در فصول سرد سال مورد استفاده بوده است. در ساخت این فضاها از الگوی مشابهی بهره برده شده و نمونه شاخصی برای شناخت آغل های مناطق سردسیر و کوهستانی است. نتایج این پژوهش برای شناخت الگوهای بومی معماری در مطالعات تاریخ معماری روستایی، قوم باستان شناسی و سایر حوزه های علوم انسانی و اجتماعی سودمند خواهد بود.

Troglodytic Architecture at the Village of Baba in Tarome Sofla

Corrals are distinctive types of traditional architecture in Iran which can be categorized into two groups: free standing spaces and troglodytic spaces. In 2018, a number of troglodytic spaces were first identified by the present author in the village of Baba located in the mountainous region of Tarome Sofla in Qazvin Province. In the valley and on the cliff slopes of the village of Baba, there are five troglodytic spaces which have been created in a short distance from each other and are aligned in almost the same direction. Their architectural structure is similar and includes a corridor, a lowceiling entrance, and a large rectangular room spanned with a barrel vault. In only one of these spaces, there is a small room next to the large room. While the entranceway is built of flat stone, other spaces are handcrafted. In addition, there are two structures which are interconnected through a short corridor next to the entrance, and the other structures are independent of each other. The rooms can be accessed only through the entrance. They are free of any apertures for lightning. Along the walls and at the corners of the rooms, logs and cavities have been carved. There are also remnants of stone raised platforms along the walls of the rooms. The present study attempts to introduce these newly found features in a descriptive and analytical fashion and determine their chronology and function. Based on a comparative study of architectural style and archaeological evidence, the author believes that the architectural complex of Baba village used to serve as corrals to keep livestock in shelter during winters. The results of the present study can make a significant contribution to our understanding of the traditional architectural patterns in the history of village architecture, ethnoarchaeology, and other related fields of social studies and humanities. Troglodytic living spaces are a group of littleunderstood troglodytic architecture. Troglodytic living spaces that are built to keep livestock, known as corrals or animal slums, play an important role in the livelihood of villagers. The importance and diversity of these spaces in the culture of rural architecture of Iran are hardly disputable. However, they have not yet been paid the due scholarly attention they deserve. Livestock spaces are created independently outside a village or in connection with the residential area of ​​the village. The collection of Baba village handicrafts (Figure.12) is a valuable case in point that shows aspects of the rural handicraft architecture tradition. Also, given the fact that the livelihood of the villagers relied on livestock and livestock products, any endeavor to build livestock spaces was highly appreciated. Providing a suitable environment with hygienic conditions has been directly related to maintaining animal health and the cycle of livestock products. These spaces are valuable evidence of the architectural experiences of our ancestors in their confrontation with an ecosystem, which have survived for a long time until at least the last hundred years and have played a role in the economic, social and cultural life of villages. Contemporary developments have led humans to distance themselves from indigenous patterns and turn to new patterns. Sustaining the values ​​of ancient architecture requires knowledge of the principles based on which indigenous architecture was formed and its local values (Sartipipour, 2013: 26). Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of rural issues and paying attention to biological patterns in the rural environment have an effective role in the sustainable future of the village (Rezvani & Rahbari, 2016: 256). This study is the first attempt in the literature to introduce the troglodytic collection of the village of Baba (Figure.3) in Tarome Sofla region as a biological experience in rural ecology. Although from the 1980s to the present, the Building and Housing Research Center and the Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution have provided a macro level typology of rural housing in the provinces of Iran, few, if any independent detailed studies have so far been conducted on this topic.