تاملی بر مسئله شهر و شهرنشینی در دوره هخامنشی در فارس مرکزی

ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ و ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ازﻧﻈﺮﮔﺎهﻫﺎی ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن در ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎی اﻧﺴﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻮﺷﮑﺎﻓﯽ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪﺑﺮ ﯾﮑﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺮی ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﻧﻮع ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽاﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻬﺮ و ﻓﺮم آن ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮی ﺷﻬﺮ و رﺷﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ در ﻓﺎرس ﻣﺮﮐﺰی در دورة ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﻋﻠﯽرﻏﻢ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖﻫﺎی زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ آن ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻓﺎرس ﻣﺮﮐﺰی، دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺳﯿﺎر ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺘﯽ داﻣﺪار ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺑﻮد. ﻣﺪارک ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ رﺷﺪ و ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﻓﺎرس ﻣﺮﮐﺰی ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺗﺄﺳﯿﺲ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﺑﻪرﻏﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﯽﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ در ﺗﺨﺖ ﺟﻤﺸﯿﺪ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً در راﺳﺘﺎی اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﻬﺮ و ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﺒﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ ﯾﮏ دﻫﮥ اﺧﯿﺮ در دﺷﺖ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﯿﺪ ﻧﯿﺰ آﺷﮑﺎر ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﺗﺼﻮر ﮐﺎوﺷﮕﺮان اﯾﻦ ﻣﮑﺎن، ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﻃﻼق ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ آﺛﺎر ﻫﻨﻮز زود اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﯾﮏ ﭼﺸﻢاﻧﺪاز ﺷﻬﺮی را ﺑﯿﺶازﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﯽﮐﺸﺪ.

Some Observations on the Question of Urbanism in the Central Fars in the Achaemenid Period

Urbanism as a comprehensive research subject could be explored from various anthropological, social and archaeological points of view. This paper, based on one of these theoretical approaches suggesting a direct relationship between the city form and sociopolitical structure, argues against recent discussions on the urbanization nature of Central Fars during the Achaemenid period. The cultural developments at this region have not been led to establishment of urbanization because of nomadic nature of Achaemenid king, his itinerant court and strong pastoral aspects of population. A survey of current evidence shows that the growth following the foundation of Achaemenid Empire and beginning of building operation at Persepolis was so ephemeral that soon stopped before reaching to the stage of urbanization. The results of recent archaeological investigations at the Persepolis plain reveal that the interpretation of newly discovered material as remains of a city, as excavators claim, is problematic and there is no clear indication of an urban landscape in the region during the Achaemenid period.