a review on herbal secondary metabolites against covid-19 focusing on the genetic variants of sars-cov-2

Context: an outbreak of the new coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) was reported in wuhan, china, in december 2019, subsequently affecting countries worldwide and causing a pandemic. although several vaccines, such as mrna vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adenovirus vaccines, have been licensed in several countries, the danger of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) variants persists. to date, alpha (b.1.1.7), beta (b.1.351, b.1.351.2, b.1.351.3), delta (b.1.617.2, ay.1, ay.2, ay. 3), gamma (p.1, p.1.1, p.1.2), and iota (b.1 .526) circulating in the united states, kappa (b.1.617.1) in india, lambda (c.37) in peru and mu (b.1.621) in colombia are considered the variants of concern and interest. evidence acquisition: data were collected through the end of august 2021 by searching pubmed, scopus, and google scholar databases. there were findings from in silico, in vitro cell-based, and non-cell-based investigations. results: the potential and safety profile of herbal medicines need clarification to scientifically support future recommendations regarding the benefits and risks of their use. conclusions: current research results on natural products against sars-cov-2 and variants are discussed, and their specific molecular targets and possible mechanisms of action are summarized.