the effect of wet cupping (al-hijamah) and limonene on oxidative stress and biochemical parameters in diabetic rats

Background: according to the international diabetes federation, 629 million adults will suffer from diabetes by 2045. wet cupping therapy is a combination of bleeding and dry cupping and has been used in traditional medicine as a complementary therapy for diabetes. limonene was shown to have both antioxidant and antidiabetic activity but its potential alongside other treatments has not been thoroughly explored. objectives: although wet-cupping therapy is widely used under different conditions, its potential in the treatment of diabetes is not well-examined. methods: male wistar rats were then injected with alloxan and nicotinamide to induce diabetes. after cupping, the rats’ serum nitric oxide, creatinine, sgpt, sgot, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, gpx, urea, and hdl levels were determined. the glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and protein level of the serum, renal, and liver were then measured. results: the results showed a significant differences in serum glucose levels among the diabetic rats receiving wet cupping and limonene, in serum glutathione levels in diabetic rats receiving limonene or limonene and wet cupping compared to the diabetic rats, in liver gsh levels in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping, in the liver gpx activity in control rats receiving limonene, and in liver catalase activity in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping compared to control group. there was no significant change in serum no, protein, creatinine, sgpt, sgot, cholesterol, triglyceride mda, urea, catalase, hdl, renal gsh, mda, catalase, liver protein, and mda level. conclusions: the findings of the present study suggested that a combination of limonene and wet cupping therapy could be presented as an agent to lower elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. further clinical studies are required to confirm the findings.