امکان سنجی تولید گیاه جدید کینوا در شرایط اقلیمی خراسان جنوبی تحت تاثیر تاریخ و تراکم کاشت

گیاهان جدید سازگار با اکوسیستم های تحت تنش یکی از روش های مفید جهت تولید پایدار محصولات زراعی یفرعم تیرماه و تراکم15و دادرخ 15 اردیبهشت، 15باشد. در این تحقیق اثرات زمان یمدر جهت تامین امنیت غذایی بوته در مترمربع بر رشد رویشی و زایشی گیاه کینوا، بصورت آزمایش فاکتوریل بر مبنای طرح60 و 45 ،30 ،15کاشت بررسی شد. اثرات سادة تاریخ و تراکم1396بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط اقلیمی بیرجند در سال بوته، تعداد شاخۀ جانبی در گیاه، کشخاثر متقابل عوامل آزمایشی بر بیشتر صفات مورد مطالعه شامل وزن زینکاشت و عملکرد بیولوژیک، تعداد خوشه پانیکول در گیاه، طول و وزن خوشه، تعداد دانه در گیاه و عملکرد دانه معنی دار بود. بوته در مترمربع و تاریخ کاشت اردیبشهت ماه حاصل شد. بیشترین15 دانه در تراکم 806بیشترین تعداد دانه در گیاه کیلوگرم در هکتار که380 بوته 45و کمترین عملکرد دانه به ترتیب از تیمارهای کاشت گیاه در اردیبشهت ماه با تراکم کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. با این وجود، عملکرد دانه25 بوته در مترمربع 15و کاشت گیاه در تیرماه با تراکم با عملکرد واقعی گیاه تفاوت زیادی داشت و بنابراین ارزیابی سایر ارقام این گیاه و یا سایر تاریخ های زیندر این تیمار کاشت پاییزه، زمستانه و تابستانه دارای اهمیت است.

possibility of quinoa production under south-khorasan climatic condition as affected by planting densities and sowing dates

introducing new crops which are adapted to environmental stresses is one of the most effective methods for sustainable crop production and food security in arid regions. accordingly, exploring the possibility of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd) production as a drought-and saline - tolerantpseudocereal is of high importance (bagheri, 2018). this plant is even able to develop in regions wherethe annual precipitation is between 200–400 mm. the planting season of quinoa varies from august in the andean highlands through to december, and in some areas from january to march. quinoa sowing density may vary according to geographical region. for instance, sowing densityof quinoa is reported to range from 0.4 to 0.6 g m2 in bolivian altiplano, and from 0.8 to 1.4 g m2 in ecuador (jancurova et al., 2009; ruiz et al., 2014). considering the possibility of high adaptation of quinoa to the dry climatic conditions of iran, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of its cultivation in birjand region.as a first step, the effects of planting date and density were investigated on the growth and yield traits of quinoa. materials and methodsin this research, the effects of sowing date (5th, may, june and july) and planting density (15, 30, 45 and 60 plants per m-2) were studied on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of quinoa (titicac cultivar) using factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in birjand, iran during2017 growing season.planting was done in 30–cm spaced rows and the desired plant populations were achieved by thinning and changing plant distance within the row. the irrigation interval was every 10 days. 130 kg ha-1 urea (46% pure n) was used during the plant growth. in the last phase of vegetative stage, six plants were randomly sampled and then some vegetative (plant height, plant dry weight, number of lateral branches) and reproductive (panicle number, length and dry weight, grain number per plant, 1000-grain weight) traits were measured. the remaining plants were used to measure grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. data analysis was done using sas 9.2 and means were compared by lsd test at the 5% level of probability. the simple and interaction effects of planting date and density were statistically significant on most vegetative and reproductive indices of quinoa including plant dry weight, number of lateral branches per plant, biological yield, number of panicle (cluster) per plant, length and weight of panicle, grain number per plant and grain yield. plant dry weight decreased with increasing plant density up to 60 plants per m2at the planting date of july. the number of panicles (cluster) per plant decreased by 19% due to the increase in plant density from 15 to 60 plants per m2 and by 75%due to the shift from spring to summer planting. this decrease was somewhat softened by increasing the number of sub-cluster per cluster. the highest number of grain per plant (806 grains) was obtained at the density of 15 plants per m2 and early may planting. the highest and the lowest grain yields were obtained from may planting date at the density of 45 plants per m2 (380 kg ha-1) and july planting date at the density of 15 plants per m2 (25 kg ha-1), respectively. contrary to grain yield, planting in july had no negative effect on biological yield, so that,its maximum value (1968 kg ha-1) was obtained from the aforementioned planting date and density of 45 plants per m2. the main reason for reduction in grain yield in june and july planting dates was the occurrence of high temperatures during pollination period of the plant. conclusionsoverall, density of 45-60 plants per m2 and sowing of quinoa in may provided the best conditions for the plant growth and yield. however, grain yield in this treatment was considerably lower than the actual yield of the plant, making it necessary to evaluate additional autumn, winter and summer planting dates.the coincidence of quinoa pollination period with high temperatures disrupted pollination process and consequently resulted in a sharp decline in grain production.