extracellular vesicles isolated from menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine

Extracellular vesicles (evs) are small particles ranging from 30 - 1000 nm released by different cells to mediate cell-cell communication. the content of these particles mirrors the cellular properties of their producing cells. the extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, could exert the same therapeutic effects as stem cell therapy. however, these stem cell-derived particles (cell-free derivatives) do not have concerns associated with stem cell-based therapies. among various mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, menstrual blood stem cells (menscs) are known for their high proliferative activity, ease of harvesting, lack of moral dilemma, and high differentiation potential. extracellular vesicles derived from menscs have widely been employed in various preclinical studies for regenerative purposes. this paper aims to provide an overview of the therapeutic utility of menscs-derived evs in regenerative medicine. we also reviewed the current knowledge on the cellular profile, biogenesis, separation, and action mechanism of menscs-derived evs in organ regeneration.