exosome a story from waste to become a gold mine

Exosomes are emerging as a novel therapeutic avenue which is exploring. these naturally made nanoparticles are mainly used by cells to communicate. given that they are composed of a lipid layer and the macromolecules that they carry inside, including lipids, proteins, and microrna, can be considered as good candidates for drug and gene delivery. however, the source of exosomes to be used in the clinic needs to be investigated, as they are naturally made by cells, and they quickly can move through the body without being recognized by the immune system. in this review, we tried to bring the recent breakthroughs for exosome isolation, characterization, and therapeutic use. we discussed the origin of exosomes, their composition, and their potential for clinical use as a targeted gene and drug delivery systems.