ارزیابی اثر تنش سرما بر شاخص های فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی رقم تجاری نیشکر cp69-1062 با گونه saccharum spontaneum در مرحله ی گیاهچه ای

این پژوهش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در آزمایشگاه کشت بافت و گلخانه تحقیقاتی موسسه تحقیقات نیشکر خوزستان و اتاقک سرما، به منظور بررسی اثر تنش سرما بر شاخص‌های مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی دو رقم حساس (saccharum officinarum واریته cp69-1062) و گونه متحمل (saccharum spontaneum) نیشکر در شرایط کنترل شده طی سال زراعی -1399 1398 انجام شد. جهت اعمال تنش سرما، گیاهچه‌های هشت هفته‌ای نیشکر به مدت 24 ساعت در معرض دماهای صفر و 4- درجه سانتی‌گراد قرار گرفتند. تنش سرما به طور معنی‌داری باعث کاهش کلروفیل برگ، افزایش نشت الکترولیت و افزایش میزان مالون دی‌آلدئید در هر دو رقم حساس و متحمل و بویژه در رقم حساس شد. میزان پرولین و کل کربوهیدرات‌های محلول برگ نیز تحت تنش سرما در هر دو رقم حساس و متحمل و بویژه در رقم متحمل به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. تنش سرما همچنین به طور معنی‌داری باعث کاهش فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز نسبت به شاهد شد. فعالیت آنزیمهای پراکسیداز و آسکوربات پراکسیداز در اثر سرما نسبت به شاهد بیشتر شد که میزان آن در رقم متحمل به طور معنی داری بیشتر از رقم حساس بود. علاوه بر این تنش سرما به طور معنی داری باعث افزایش فعالیت آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز بویژه در رقم متحمل شد. شدت این تغییرات در دمای 4- درجه سانتی‌گراد به علت تشکیل کریستال‌های یخ و متوقف شدن فعالیت‌های متابولیکی سلول کمتر بود. از لحاظ ظاهری نیز ارقام تحت تنش سرما، در دمای صفر درجه سانتی‌گراد نسبت به دمای شاهد تغییر چندانی نداشتند و کمی زرد و پژمرده شدند ولی در دمای 4- درجه سانتی‌گراد آثار تخریبی گیاهچه‌ها به وضوح مشاهده شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان می‌دهد رقم s. spontaneum دارای مکانیسم دفاعی بهتر و کارآمدتری نسبت به رقم تجاری cp69-1062 بوده و در نتیجه به تنش سرما متحمل‌تر می‌باشد.

Evaluation of the effect of cold stress on physiological and biochemical traits of commerical sugarcane cultivar CP69-1062 with Saccharum spontaneum species in seedling stage

IntroductionCold is one of the most important and primitive factors limiting plant growth, especially tropical and subtropical plants. Sugarcane is a tropical and subtropical plant that produces 70% of the total world’s sugar. So its impact on the global economy is transparent and undeniable. The main problem with most sugarcane cultivars is their extreme sensitivity to cold, which reduces the yield, sugar content and quality of their syrup. The longterm meteorological statistics of Khuzestan province in the past years, show that temperatures below 0°C occur in the sugarcane cultivation and industries almost every year. This factor has a direct effect on reducing sugar production as well as reducing final income. Among the commercial varieties of sugarcane, “Saccharum officinarum var CP691062” cultivar has high yield and produces a lot of sugar, but its main problem is its sensitivity to cold and encountering with this stress, which may reduce the yield and content of sugar that can be extracted from it. In contrast, “Saccharum spontaneum” is a wild cultivar with high sucrose content and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses such as cold stress. So, according to aforementioned, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of cold stress on morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of two sugarcane cultivars CP691062 (coldsensitive) and S. spontaneum (coldtolerant) under controlled conditions, to: (1) Reporting putative Coldtolerance cultivars, Aiming to expand their production and use them in breeding programs such as backcross and producing new tolerant cultivars, (2) Reporting The most important traits affected under cold stress and (3) Reporting stable traits under normal and cold stress conditions. Materials and methodsThe experiment was performed as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in the tissue Culture and biotechnology Laboratory and Research Greenhouse of Khuzestan Sugarcane Development Research and Training Institute, and cold chamber in the 20192020 crop year. To apply cold stress, sugarcane seedlings were placed in cold chamber and exposed to 0°C and 4°C for 24 hours. After the end of the stress period, sampling and analysis were immediately performed. Finally, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of stressed and control samples such as malondialdehyde content (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), leaf pigments, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), supraxide Dismutase (SOD), proline and total water soluble carbohydrates (Wsc) of the leaf were measured. Results and discussionThe first effects of cold stress were observed on photosynthesis pigments among all cultivars. However, the sensitive cultivar had a greater reduction compared to tolerant cultivar. Cold stress significantly increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content from 25 to 4°C in all cultivars, particularly in sensitive cultivar. Moreover, proline content and total watersoluble carbohydrates (WSC) of leaf showed significant increased under cold stress, particularly in tolerant cultivar. Under cold stress, Catalase (CAT) activity significantly decreased compared to control temperature, which was accompanied with negative correlation with proline content. In addition, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was higher than control temperature in all cultivars, particularly in tolerant ones. The intensity of  these changes were less at 4°C due to intracellular freezing, ice crystals formation and the abolition of cellular metabolic activities. Phenotypicaly, at 0°C, the leaves of the tolerant cultivar showed little change in appearance in comparision with control temperature (25°C). On the other hand,  at 4°C the effects of seedling damage were clearly observed. ConclusionsThe results showed that both sensitive (S. officinarum var CP691062) and tolerant (S. spontaneum) cultivars had different morphological, physiological and biochemical responses under cold stress compared to control temperature and to each other, that this case indicates different genomic structure, genetic capacity, and their other characteristics in cold tolerance. In addition, S. spontaneum cultivar had better and more efficient defense mechanism than commercial variety CP691062 and thus, was more tolerant to cold stress. Finally the set of these physiological and biochemical changes in both sensitive and tolerant cultivars, is to maintain survival and yield under cold stress.