کمی‌سازی جوانه‌زنی بذر علف‌های‌هرز خانواده براسیکاسه (Brassicaceae) تحت شرایط شوری و خشکی

شناخت اکولوژی جوانه‌زنی علف‌های هرز در پاسخ به تنش‌های شوری و خشکی می‌تواند در پیش‌بینی پویایی جمعیت علف‌های هرز در آینده کمک نماید. به منظور بررسی اثرات شوری (صفر، 50، 100، 150، 200، 250، 300، 350 و 400 میلی‌مولار) و خشکی (صفر، 0.2، 0.4، 0.6، 0.8، 1 و 1.2 مگاپاسکال) برجوانه‌زنی علف‌های‌هرز خانواده براسیکاسه (منداب (eruca sativa)، خردل‌دروغین (hirschfeldia incana)، خردل‌وحشی (sinapis arvensis) و خاکشیر‌بدل(erysimum repandum))، دو آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان در سال 1398 انجام گرفت. با افزایش تنش خشکی، درصد جوانه‌زنی، شاخص ویگور (بنیه بذر) و سرعت جوانه‌زنی در چهار علف‌هرز کاهش یافت و در تنش خشکی 1.2 مگاپاسکال هیچ گونه جوانه‌زنی مشاهده نشد. کاهش 50 درصد جوانه‌زنی در منداب، خردل‌دروغین، خردلوحشی و خاکشیر‌بدل به ترتیب در تنش خشکی 1، 0.49، 0.76 و 0.41 مگاپاسکال پیشی‌بینی گردید. در شرایط عدم تنش خشکی شاخص ویگور خردل‌وحشی نسبت به سایر علف‌های‌هرز بیشتر بود. منداب و خردل‌دروغین به عنوان مقاوم و علف‌هرز خردل‌وحشی به عنوان حساس به تنش شوری معرفی گردید. شوری مورد نیاز برای کاهش 50 درصد جوانهزنی برای منداب، خردل‌دروغین، خردل‌وحشی و خاکشیر‌بدل به ترتیب 267، 162، 39 و 46 میلی‌مولار پیش‌بینی شد. با افزایش شوری و خشکی متوسط زمان جوانه‌زنی افزایش و بیشترین متوسط زمان جوانه‌زنی به خاکشیر‌بدل اختصاص یافت و دلیل این افزایش فاز تاخیری جوانه‌زنی بود. با توجه به نتایج در اراضی شور گسترش منداب و خردل‌دروغین بیشتر مورد انتظار و در شرایط تنش خشکی و در زراعت دیم حضور منداب نسبت به خردلوحشی مشهودتر می‌باشد

Quantitative seed germination of Brassicaceae family weeds under salinity and drought stresses conditions

IntroductionKnowledge on germination ecology of weeds in response to salinity and drought stresses can help to predict weeds population dynamics in the future. Among the family of weeds, the weeds of Brassicaceae family include many important species that contaminate crops and orchards. In addition to the presence of weeds, salinity and drought are also considered as limiting factors in agricultural production. Due to the increase in salinity and drought stresses in agricultural fields, it can be significant expansion and contamination of Brassicaceae weeds, because Physiological dormancy, abundant seed production and emergence at different time, leads to be persistent for longterm in soil. Therefore, the aim of this research was to compare the characteristics of seed germination of four weeds Brassicaceae family to salinity and drought stresses.Materials and methodsIn order to investigate the effects of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 Mm) and drought stress (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.2 MPa) on seed germination four Brassicaceae family weeds (Rocket (Eruca sativa), Hoary Mustard (Hirschfeldia incana), Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) and Treacle Mustard (Erysimum repandum), two experiments as factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) were conducted at agricultural sciences and natural resources university of Khuzestan in 2019 with three replications. Optimum Temperature for germination were selected 25°C for Rocket, Hoary Mustard, Wild Mustard and 15°C for Treacle Mustard. Duration of test for two experiments was considered 15 days. Criterion for germination was length radicle 23 mm.Results and discussionBy increasing drought stress, germination, vigour index and germination rate were decreased and no germination was observed in drought stress of 1.2 MPa. 50% reduction for germination in four weeds Rocket, Hoary Mustard, Wild Mustard and Treacle Mustard were estimated in 1, 0.49, 0.76 and – 0.41 MPa of drought stress respectively. Drought stress required to reduce 50% of germination rate for Rocket, Hoary Mustard, Wild Mustard and Treacle Mustard were estimated 0.85, 0.35, 0.28 and 0.22 MPa respectively.The vigour index of Wild Mustard in conditions without drought stress treatment was more than other weeds. Rocket and Hoary Mustard were introduced as resistant and Wild Mustard was introduced as sensitive to salinity. The salinity required to reduce 50% of germination for Rocket, Hoary Mustard, Wild Mustard and Treacle Mustard were predicted 267, 162, 39 and 46 mM, while 50% reduction for germination rate were 174, 142, 27, 44 Mm respectively. By increasing salinity and drought stresses, mean germination time was increased and maximum mean germination time belonged to Treacle Mustard and the reason for this increase was the lag phase of germination. Germination rate in four weeds was more affected by salinity and drought stresses than germination percentage. Generally the germination rate of Treacle Mustard was much less than other weeds. So that the maximum germination rate of Treacle Mustard was 5 seed/day in control treatment while in Rocket Hoary Mustard, Wild Mustard were more than 30 seed /day.ConclusionsAccording to the results, in saline lands, the spread of two weeds Rocket and Hoary Mustard is more expected and in the conditions of drought stress and in rainfed agriculture, presence of Rocket is more evident than Wild Mustard.