ارزیابی ارقام کینوا (.chenopodium quinoa wild) در شرایط شور به کمک شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی در محیط کنترل شده

این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی واکنش ارقام کینوا (.chenopodium quinoa willd) به تنش شوری در آزمایشگاه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز در سال زراعی 1398-1397 انجام شد. در این آزمایش واکنش سه رقم کینوا (titicaca, giz, q26) و شش سطح شوری (صفر (شاهد)، 10، 20، 30، 40 و 50 ds/m1) در محیط کشت پتری دیش به‌صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در شرایط کنترل‌شده (دستگاه ژرمیناتور) اجرا گردید. تجزیه داده‌ها نشان داد، خصوصیات جوانه‌زنی بذر تحت تاثیر توام رقم و تنش شوری قرار گرفتند (p <0.01). حداکثر جوانه‌زنی، بهترین یکنواختی جوانه‌زنی، بیشترین بنیه بذر، بیشترین طول ریشه‌چه و ساقه‌چه در شرایط بدون تنش (شاهد) و کمترین مقادیر در تیمار شوری 50 (ds/m1) مشاهده شد. طبق نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، رقم tititcaca بیشترین (95.33) و کمترین درصد جوانه‌زنی (10) را به ترتیب در تیمار شاهد و تیمار شوری 50 (ds/m1) نشان داد. همچنین همین رقم بهترین عملکرد ازنظر زمان رسیدن به 10 و 90 درصد جوانه‌زنی را در تیمار شاهد داشت درحالی‌که رقم giz بدترین عملکرد را در این صفات نشان داد. رقم titicaca در تیمار شاهد بیشترین طول ریشه‌چه و ساقه‌چه را به ترتیب با میانگین 5.53 و 5.57 سانتی‌متر نشان داد این‌ در حالی است که در تیمار شوری 50 (ds/m1) با میانگین 0.4 و 0.3 سانتی‌متر کمترین طول ریشه‌چه و ساقه‌چه را داشت. همچنین بهترین یکنواختی در جوانه‌زنی با 20.2 ساعت در رقم titicaca در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد. به نظر می‌رسد علیرغم تاثیرپذیری معنی‌دار هر سه رقم موردپژوهش و کاهش چشمگیر شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی در سطوح بالای شوری، رقم titicaca نسبت به دو رقم دیگر، آستانه تحمل بالاتری داشت که نشان‌دهنده تنوع ارقام در پاسخ فرایندهای فیزیولوژیک به تنش شوری است. همچنین این امکان وجود دارد در صورت لزوم و با تحقیقات بیشتر بتوان در برنامه‌های به‌نژادی سایر ارقام حساس کینوا از این رقم استفاده نمود.

Evaluation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) cultivars in saline conditions using germination indices in controlled environment

Introduction About 6.8 million hectares of agricultural lands in the country have different degrees of salinity, of which 4.3 million hectares have only salinity limits. The response of plants to salt stress is complex and depends on various factors such as concentration and type of solutes, plant species, plant growth stage and environmental factors. The use of salinity tolerant cultivars is currently one of the most effective ways to exploit and increase yield in saline and low saline soils. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a native plant of the Andean region of South America that was cultivated there from 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2002) designated Quinoa as one of the most important crops for food security of the world’s population in the last century. Most Quinoa cultivars are capable of growing in salinity at concentrations of 40 (dSm1) and even higher. This salinity is too high for most crops. Increasing the concentration of NaCl in the nutrient solution, followed by increasing the osmotic potential, adsorption of Na+ and Cl ions during seed germination causes cell damage and ultimately inhibits or reduces germination. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity caused by the use of poor quality water on yield and yield components of Quinoa as well as germination components of different Quinoa cultivars.   Materials and methods This study was carried out in cultivation in controlled environment (germination apparatus) at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, in order to evaluate the reaction of cultivars and genotypes to salt stress conditions. In the experiment conducted under controlled conditions, the experimental treatments included salinity (NaCl) at six levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 dSm1) and three genotypes and genotypes of Quinoa (Giz, Titicaca, Q26) was performed as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. To find plant respanses and chose the best one using seed number and germination rate, percentage and germination rate, seed Vigor index, mean germination time, time to 10% germination, time to 50% germination and time to 90% germination were calculated according to the equations.   Results The results of analysis of variance showed that salinity stress had a significant effect on germination percentage and rate, and other measured germination indices (p < 0.01). Interaction of cultivar and salinity stress on root length, stem length, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, seed vigor index, germination uniformity, D10, D50 at 1% and germination percentage at 5% were significant. With increasing salinity levels from the control treatment to the highest salinity level (50 dSm1), the decreasing trend of root and shoot length as well as root and shoot dry weight was observed. Titicaca showed the highest germination percentage and the highest seed vigor index in control treatment. In the salinityfree treatment, Titicaca showed the best and worst yield in Q26 at 50 (dSm1) for 10% germination. Among other cultivars, Titicaca showed the highest root and shoot length and the lowest root and shoot length at 50 (dSm1) under nonsalinity stress conditions. Titicaca cultivar had the highest and Giz cultivar had the lowest germination and root dry weight. Titicaca cultivar in control treatment showed the highest root and shoot length with an average of 5.53 and 5.57 cm, respectively, while in salinity treatment of 50 dS/m1 with an average of 0.4 and 0.3 cm minimum root and shoot length. Also, the best uniformity in germination with 20.2 hours was observed in Titicaca cultivar in control treatment.   Conclusions At low salinity levels, acceptable yield was observed but in sever salinity condition most of the crops could not grow during the phenological stages. According to the results of this study and the study of quinoa behavior and high tolerance of the plant in the germination stage in the face of salinity stress, to improve salinity resistance in crops through breeding programs, and further study of salinity defense mechanisms in susceptible cultivars It is recommended. It seems that despite the significant effectiveness of all three cultivars and significant reduction in germination indices at high salinity levels Titicaca cultivar had a higher tolerance threshold than the other two cultivars, indicating the diversity of cultivars in response to physiological processes to salinity stress. It is also possible to use this cultivar with further research into breeding and breeding programs of other sensitive quinoa cultivars.