پاسخ رشدی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی استویا (stevia rebaudiana bertoni) به همزیستی قارچ‌های اندوفیت و محلول‌پاشی پلی‌آمین اسپرمیدین در شرایط شور

به‌منظور بررسی اثر همزیستی قارچ‏های اندوفیت و محلول ‏پاشی پلی‌آمین اسپرمیدین بر شاخص‌های رشدی و فیزیولوژیک گیاه دارویی استویا در شرایط تنش شوری، آزمایش گلخانه‏ ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل تنش شوری (صفر، 6 و 12 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر)، تیمار همزیستی قارچی [عدم تلقیح (شاهد)، تلقیح piriformospora indica (pi)، تلقیح trichoderma virens (trich) و تلقیح هم‌زمان دو قارچ (pi+trich)] و محلول‌پاشی اسپرمیدین (صفر، 0.75 و 1.5 میلی‌مولار) بود. نشاهای استویا پس از تلقیح با تیمارهای قارچی تا اواخر مرحله رویشی با آب معمولی و سپس به مدت دو هفته با تیمارهای آب شور که حاوی مخلوط آب دریای خزر و آب مقطر بود، آبیاری شدند. محلول‌پاشی اسپرمیدین یک هفته قبل از اعمال تنش شوری انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد در شرایط شور، همزیستی قارچی به‌ویژه pi+trich وزن خشک ساقه (64-40 درصد) و برگ (50-44 درصد)، محتوای نسبی آب برگ (305 درصد) و پرولین (6440 درصد) را افزایش و نشت الکترولیت را (2011 درصد) کاهش داد. محلول‌پاشی 0.75 میلی‌مولار اسپرمیدین نیز وزن خشک برگ و ارتفاع بوته را افزایش داد. از طرفی، همزیستی قارچی به‌ویژه pi+trich و محلول‌پاشی اسپرمیدین 0.75 میلی‌مولار منجر به افزایش محتوای نسبی آب برگ گردید. همچنین، محلول‌پاشی اسپرمیدین در هر دو غلظت 0.75 و 1.5 میلی‏مولار باعث افزایش و بکارگیری قارچ‌های اندوفیت به‌خصوص pi+trich منجر به کاهش محتوای قند به میزان 17 درصد شد. در سطوح شوری و تیمارهای قارچی، محلول‌پاشی اسپرمیدین به‌ویژه در غلظت 0.75 میلی‌مولار افزایش قطر ساقه (35-10 درصد) و سطح برگ (46-35 درصد) را به دنبال داشت. در مجموع، کاربرد قارچ‌های اندوفیت و محلول‌پاشی اسپرمیدین موجب بهبود تحمل گیاه به تنش شوری گردید.

The growth and physiological response of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) medicinal plant to inoculated with endophytic fungi and spraying of spermidine polyamine under salt stress conditions

Introduction Salinity is one of the environmental abiotic stresses and most important factors limiting the growth and production of plants around the world, which dramatically affect various aspects of plant growth and development through anatomical, morphological and physiological changes (Siringam et al., 2011). Saline environments decrease the growth and yield characteristics of plants and increase some physiological properties such as proline content and electrolyte leakage (Noreen et al, 2010). On the other hand, in the recent years, the role of symbiotic fungi and polyamines in plants tolerance to environmental stress such as saline conditions are pronounced. Morever, due to the importance of medicinal plants, many researches of plant sciences have focused on the various aspects of the application of these plants (Vafadar et al., 2018). Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the growth and physiological response of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) medicinal plant to inoculation with endophytic fungi and foliar application of spermidine polyamine under salt stress conditions. Materials and methods This experiment was conducted at research greenhouse of Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT) at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University using factorial arrangement based completely randomized design with three replicates in spring and summer of 2016. The treatment consisted of salinity in three levels (0, 6 and 12 dS/m), fungal symbiosis treatments including four levels [noninoculated (control), inoculation with Piriformospora indica (Pi), inoculated with Trichoderma virens (Trich) and coinoculation of two fungi (Pi+Trich)] and foliar application of spermidine in three levels (0, 0.75 and 1.5 mM). Seedlings of stevia after inoculation with fungi transfered to adaptation chamber for 40 days and then moved to the greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with tap water until the end of vegetative stage and then irrigated with saline water treatments containing mixture of distilled and Caspian sea water. The Spermidine was foliar applied one week before salinity stress. Two weeks after salinity stress, leaf samples were prepared to measure leaf relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage (EL), proline content and soluble sugars. Finally, the plants were removed from the pots and the growth and yield traits were measured. Results and disscusion The result showed that in saline conditions, endophytic symbiosis, especially Pi+Trich, increased the stem dry weight (4064%) and leaf dry weight (4450%), relative water content (530%) and proline content (4064%), and reduced EL (1120%). Also spraying 0.75 mM spermidine signiticantly increased both leaf dry weight and plant height. Fungal symbiosis, especially Pi+Trich, and spermidine 0.75 mM resulted in an increase in the RWC. Also, spraying with polyamine spermidine at both concentrations of 0.75 and 1.5 mM increased soluble sugars and inoculated with endophytic fungi, particularly coinoculation of two fungi, led to a reduction in the content of sugar (17%) in the stevia leaf. At the most levels of salinity and fungal treatments, spermidine, especially at the rate of 0.75 mM, led to increase in stem diameter (1035%) and leaf area (3546%). Conclusion In general, the results of the present study indicated a negative effect of salinity on the growth and physiological characteristics of the stevia plants. However, inoculation of endophytic fungi, particularly coinoculation of Pi and Trich, improved the growth and physiological parameters and ameliorated adverse effects of salinity in stevia plants. Morever, the spermidine (especially 0.75 mM) induced salt stress tolerance in stevia plants and showed a synergetic effects with endophytic fungi in terms of the mentioned parameters. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge Shahrood University of Technology (Shahrood, Iran), Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), and Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (Sari, Iran) for financial support of this study.