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   اثر هدایت الکتریکی آب آبیاری و روش‌های مصرف آهن و روی بر عملکرد و ترکیب شیمیایی ذرت علوفه‌ای در یک خاک آهکی  
   
نویسنده میرزاوند جهانبخش ,چهره نگار محمود ,زارع مهدی
منبع تنش هاي محيطي در علوم زراعي - 1399 - دوره : 13 - شماره : 3 - صفحه:953 -967
چکیده    تنش شوری و کمبود عناصر غذایی کم‌مصرف از مهم‌ترین عوامل محدود کننده تولید کمی و کیفی ذرت علوفه‌ای در خاک‌های آهکی مناطق مرکزی ایران می‌باشند. از این‌رو به‌منظور بررسی اثر روش‌های کاربرد آهن و روی بر عملکرد و ترکیب شیمیایی ذرت علوفه‌ای تحت شوری آب آبیاری، پژوهشی مزرعه‌ای در سال 1394 به صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در ارسنجان فارس اجرا شد. تیمارها ترکیبی از 3 سطح هدایت الکتریکی آب آبیاری شامل 2، 4 و 6 (ds m^-1) و 12 روش کاربرد کودهای سولفات روی، سولفات آهن و کلات آهن بودند. نتایج نشان داد افزایش هدایت الکتریکی آب آبیاری از 2 به 6 (ds m^-1) منجر به کاهش 12.5 درصدی عملکرد علوفه‌تر و کاهش 43 درصدی محتوای عناصر غذایی همانند پتاسیم، فسفر، کلسیم، مس، منگنز، آهن و روی در علوفه ذرت شد. بیشترین عملکرد علوفه‌تر ذرت (ton ha^-1 71.77) در شرایط آبیاری با هدایت الکتریکی 2 (ds m^-1) و مصرف خاکی کلات آهن به‌علاوه محلول‌پاشی با سولفات روی حاصل شد. در آبیاری 4 و 6 (ds m^-1)، بیشترین عملکرد علوفه‌تر با کاربرد خاکی و توام سولفات روی و کلات آهن به‌علاوه بذرمالی بذور با سولفات آهن به دست آمد. با افزایش سطح تنش، کاربرد ترکیبی عناصر غذایی آهن و روی در مقایسه با کاربرد جداگانه موثرتر واقع شد و در این شرایط عملکرد کمی و کیفی محصول ذرت علوفه‌ای بیش از 13 درصد افزایش یافت. بهطورکلی، در یک خاک آهکی با انتخاب روش مناسب کوددهی در شرایط تنش شوری ضمن حفظ پتانسیل عملکرد محصول ذرت علوفه‌ای می‌توان تقاضا برای آب غیر شور را نیز کاهش داد.
کلیدواژه بذرمالی، سولفات روی، کلات آهن، کیفیت علوفه، محلول‌پاشی
آدرس سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی, مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس, بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب, ایران, دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ارسنجان, ایران, دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد فیروزآباد, گروه کشاورزی, ایران
 
   Effect of saline irrigation water and application methods of iron and zinc on yield and quality of corn silage in a calcareous soil  
   
Authors Mirzavand Jahanbakhsh ,Chehrengar Mahmood ,Zare Mehdi
Abstract    Introduction Salinity stress affects plant growth and productivity, especially in calcareous soils in the central area of Iran. In these areas, increasing soil and water salinity has decreased yield and quality production of corn silage (Zea mays L.) (Dai et al., 2011). Response by corn to salt stress is a complex network affecting almost all processes, including nutrient uptake and metabolism, ion accumulation and photosynthesis. Likewise, corn is known to be very sensitive to micronutrient deficiency such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). This deficiency commonly occurs in calcareous soils. It is believed that applying micronutrient elements such as Fe and Zn which can increase crop production to cope with declining saline condition (Eizadi et al., 2012). In this regard, Taher et al. (2008) found the foliar spray method of Zn and/or Fe increased corn silage compared to soil application method. Therefore, the purpose of the experiments was to evaluate the effect of application methods of Fe and Zn fertilizers on yield and quality of corn silage grown on calcareous soil under saline irrigation water.Materials and methodsA 1year field experiment was conducted on an agricultural farm located in Arsanjan, Fars province (53° 15’ E, 29° 40’ N and 1638 m), Iran in 2014. The region represents semiarid climatic conditions with relatively warm summers and cold winters. The soil was silty clay loam with a pH of 7.7 and an EC of 0.62 dS m1. Mean Fe and mean Zn were 4.5 and 0.7 ppm, respectively. The experiment was layout as factorial based on randomized complete block design in three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of saline irrigation water (2, 4, and 6 dS m1) as the main factor and subfactor was 12 application methods of Fe (source: FeChelate: Sequestrene 138, and FeSulfate) and Zn (source: ZnSulfate) fertilizers: T1: Nofertilizer (Control), T2: soil application of ZnSulfate, T3: soil application of FeChelate, T4: soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate, T5: soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+foliar spray of ZnSulfate, T6: soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+foliar spray of FeSulfate, T7: soil application of ZnSulfate+foliar spray of FeSulfate, T8: soil application of FeChelate+foliar spray of ZnSulfate, T9: soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+seed treatment with FeSulfate, T10: soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+seed treatment with ZnSulfate, T11: soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+seed treatment with FeSulfate+foliar spray of ZnSulfate, and T12: soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+seed treatment with ZnSulfate+ foliar spray of FeSulfate.Results and discussionYield and quality of corn silage were significantly (p≤0.01 and 0.05) influenced by saline irrigation water, application method of Zn and Fe fertilizers, and their interactions. Using saline irrigation water decreased corn height by 40%. The highest corn height (141.35 cm) was recorded by soil application of FeChelate accompanied by foliar spray of ZnSulfate treatment at 2 dS m1 treatment. Under saline irrigation water at 2 dS m1 treatment, foliar spray of ZnSulfate accompanied by soil application of Fe Chelate maximized corn silage (71.77 ton ha1) up to 34% compared to nofertilizers method (Table 3). At 6 dS m1 treatment, the highest Sodium (Na) concentration (4.22%) was obtained by nofertilizer method. At 2 dS m1 treatment, the highest potassium concentration (9.55%) was achieved by soil application of ZnSulfate, and increased 25.33% compared to Nofertilizer method (Table 4). Likewise, the highest Fe and Zn concentration were achieved by combined fertilizer application method such as soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+seed treatment with FeSulfate, and soil application of ZnSulfate accompanied by FeChelate+seed treatment with FeSulfate+foliar spray of ZnSulfate. Meanwhile, a strong relationship was observed between Na and chemical composition of corn silage (phosphorus (r=0.84**), calcium (r=0.61**), and potassium (r=0.58**). It has been reported that high concentrations of salinity caused lower shoot fresh and dry weight in corn. Under saline conditions, the reduced growth of crops has been mainly attributed to the toxic effects of excessive ions such as Na, unbalances of the plant ion problems on nutrient uptake and disturbances, damages on photosynthesis, respiration and physiological functions (Yarami and Sepaskhah, 2015). Hence inhibit translocation of produced assimilates to vegetative phase that finally could result into the growth reduction (Karmollachaab and Gharineh, 2013). On the contrary, corn growth parameter was enhanced by Fe and Zn fertilization under saline irrigation water. The same results were reported by Jokar and Ronaghi (2015) on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Bostani et al. (2015) on corn. Zinc and Fe are essential micronutrients, involved in production of auxin, a natural plant growth hormone, and many other important plant functions. Therefore, application of ZnSulfate accompanied by application of Fe Chelate and FeSulfate fertilization might enhance silage quality through the increase of its content on yield components and decrease stress intensity.ConclusionsSalinity and micronutrient deficiency are the most important factors limiting yield and quality production of corn silage in calcareous soils. It is believed that obtaining improvement of silage quality in many experiments was often the result of applied micronutrient such as Zn and Fe elements. Results showed that combined application of Fe and Zn elements compared to separate application method efficiently increased quality and quantity of silage corn under saline irrigation water at 6 dS m1. Overall, selection and use of the correct fertilizer application methods are important for garneting the silage yield and quality of corn under saline condition and to decrease nonsaline water use.
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