تحلیلی بر فقر منطقه‌ای و عوامل موثر بر آن در کشورهای توسعه‌یافته و درحال‌توسعه

پیامدهای نامطلوب اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی فقر، دولت‌ها را بر آن داشته تا بهبود وضعیت فقرا را در صدر اولویت های خود قرار دهند. ازاین‌رو شناخت مناسب فقر و عوامل اثرگذار بر آن، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است؛ اما مسئله حائز اهمیت در این راستا تعاریف متنوع مربوط به فقر است که بسته به رویکردهای مختلف، از جمله منطقه‌ای بودن آن، متفاوت می‌باشد و همین مسئله، این ذهنیت را ایجاد می‌کند که آیا پدیده فقر (برای نمونه بر اساس این رویکرد)، به‌واقع یک مقوله منطقه‌ای و جغرافیایی است به عبارتی آیا عوامل اثرگذار بر فقر در مناطق مختلف توسعه‌یافته و درحال‌توسعه (بسته به وضعیت جغرافیای آن منطقه)، متفاوت است یا فقر یک پدیده بین‌المللی است و عوامل اثرگذار بر آن در همه‌جا، یکسان می‌باشد؟ به این منظور و برای پاسخگویی به سوالات مذکور در تحقیق حاضر به بررسی و مدل‌سازی فقر در دو گروه کشورهای درحال‌توسعه و توسعه‌یافته بر اساس شرایط جغرافیایی، در دوره زمانی 1990 تا 2017، پرداخته شد. یافته‌های تحقیق حاکی از این است که متغیرهای رشد اقتصادی، تجارت بین‌المللی، تورم، بیکاری و توسعه مالی، مهم ترین عوامل اثرگذار بر شاخص فقر در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه و توسعه‌یافته می‌باشند. منتها، شاخص های تورم و بیکاری، میزان فقر را افزایش داده و بهبود توسعه مالی، رشد اقتصادی و تجارت بین‌الملل، فقر را کاهش می دهد؛ همچنین، ضریب رشد اقتصادی بر فقر، در هر دو گروه کشورهای درحال‌توسعه و توسعه‌یافته، اثر منفی داشته که این امر حاکی از تایید تئوری اثر قطره چکانی استیگلیتز است که توسعه اقتصادی موجب کاهش فقر می شود؛ بعلاوه، فقر در مناطق مختلف، بیشتر یک مقوله اقتصادی است و سایر رویکردهای مختلف در ارتباط با فقر، در درجات بعدی اهمیت قرار می گیرد.

an analysis of regional poverty and factors affecting it in developed and developing countries

1- introduction the adverse economic, social and political consequences of poverty have prompted governments to put improving the condition of the poor at the top of their priorities. therefore, proper understanding of poverty and the factors affecting it has importance. but the important issue in this regard is the various definitions related to poverty, which are different depending on different approaches, including its regionality, and this issue creates the mentality that whether the phenomenon of poverty (for example, based on this approach) is actually. it is a regional and geographical category, in other words, the factors affecting poverty are different in different developed and developing regions (depending on the geographical situation of that region), or is poverty an international phenomenon and the factors affecting it are the same everywhere?2- theoretical frameworkone of the basic issues of recent societies, which is a serious obstacle to development and progress, is poverty, which according to the 2030 report on sustainable development of the united nations, its elimination is considered one of the 17 primary goals of sustainable development). poverty is a major concern for policy makers; because its occurrence is directly related to the well-being of the population. in addition in economic aspects, the poverty situation in any society is also important in political and social dimensions, and any economic approach to poverty will inevitably have political and social consequences. despite extensive studies on poverty, there is still no prevailing consensus on the main factors affecting poverty. poverty has been looked at from an economic point of view and has attributed only economic approaches to itself in such a way that its main concept is only the lack of individual and household income compared to basic living standards. but this concept, since 1981, with the definition of poverty by the world bank as the loss of an opportunity and not getting another opportunity as an alternative, including life, social, economic conditions, etc., took on a different definition. in sen’s initial studies in 1982 and 1985, sen proposed the concept of poverty in a more complete way, according to which, poverty is not only a lack of income, but also the lack of a fixed set of people’s life capabilities, which some how. deprivation refers and of course deprivation itself is a relative concept whose meaning is different in different places and times. therefore, with a deeper insight into poverty, this category includes all types of deprivation, including economic, social, political, cultural, etc. the aforementioned deprivations are different, the poverty situation is also different in different societies.3- methodologyin this article, poverty and the factors affecting it have been investigated in different developed and developing regions and according to different geographical conditions. the method used in this research, in order to provide comparative models, is the ardl panel method and the software used is eviews 9, and the research data is extracted from the world bank. the study areas include 30 countries (15 countries in the developing regions of the middle east and north africa and 15 countries in the developed regions of europe and central asia). first, this study examines the impact of factors affecting poverty in macro and at the level of developed and developing regions. then, by analyzing the impact of each region on poverty, it examines the issue of what effect does the geography of the region have on poverty? and is poverty in the regions a function of the geographical situation or not? in other words, are the factors affecting poverty different in different regions (depending on the geographical situation of that region) or is poverty an international phenomenon and the factors affecting it are the same everywhere in the world?