زیست سیاست و تاثیر آن بر جوامع اطراف هامون جازموریان

با انقیاد زیست انسان به واسطه گفتمان زیست‌سیاست1 حکومت‌ها، مفاهیم «اردوگاه2» و «هموساکر3»، در دنیای مدرن ظهور پیدا کرده است. گرچه این دو مفهوم، در گستره وسیعی از مطالعات جغرافیایی به کار رفته است، اما تاکنون ارتباط مشخصی بین خشونت‌های محیط‌زیست، سیاست‌های زیست‌محیطی حکومت و جوامع تحت تاثیر آن ایجاد نکرده است. در این پژوهش، ضمن تعریف «اردوگاه زیست‌محیطی4» و «هموساکرهای زیست‌محیطی5» در چارچوب مباحثی که جورجیو آگامبن6 و جغرافیدانان سیاسی انتقادی متاثر از او به آن پرداخته‌اند، مدلی مفهومی ارایه شده است. این مدل برای صاحب‌نظران ارسال و تایید چارچوب مفهومی به دست آمده است. پرسش اصلی این پژوهش این است که آیا امکان وقوع شرایط اردوگاهی و به تبع آن ظهور نوعی از انسان‌های هموساکر در یک محیط طبیعی جغرافیایی، تحت تاثیر گفتمان‌های سیاسی زیست‌محیطی حکومت وجود دارد؟ جهت پاسخ به این پرسش، سیمای طبیعی اطراف هامون جازموریان، و همچنین سیمای اجتماعی جوامع موجود در آن، مورد مطالعه موردی قرار گرفته است. ماحصل تصمیمات در بازه بیست ساله اخیر، با بررسی وضعیت اقلیم، آب در دسترس، سفره‌های زیر‌زمینی، پوشش گیاهی، فرسایش، زیرساخت‌ها، رشد جمعیت، آموزش، بهداشت و اشتغال صورت گرفته است. بر این اساس نمود «حیات برهنه7» در وضعیت معیشت جوامع ساکن در این مناطق، مشهود است و مدل مفهومی این پژوهش مبنی بر تبلور حیات برهنه به واسطه سیاست‌های زیست‌محیطی، مورد تایید قرار گرفته است.

Biopolitics and its impact on the communities around Jazmourian Lake

IntroductionThe worrying state of environmental degradation caused by government policies has left many human societies, whose livelihoods are directly and indirectly tied to nature, exposed to violence. In other words, the government, through using plans arising from the biopolitical discourse in the form of development projects, has created a situation that in the language of political geography is referred to as the Camp and the HomoSacer. Although these two concepts have been used in a wide range of geographical studies, no established clear link between environmental violence, the environmental policies of the government and the communities affected has ever been presented. In this study, while defining the EnvironmentalCamps and EnvironmentalHomoSacers, a conceptual model is presented in the context of the discussions addressed by Giorgio Agamben and the critical political geographers influenced by him. The main question of this research is that whether there is a possibility of the occurrence of camp conditions and consequently the emergence of a HomoSacer type of human beings in a natural geographical environment, under the influence of the government’s political and environmental discourses? To answer this question, the natural appearance around Jazmourian Lake as well as the social appearance of the communities of it have been studied.Materials and methodsIn this study, based on the description of the concept of the Camp, a new type of Camp and HomoSacer is presented, so that in the current definition of the camp, this place is formed when the political system enters a new situation that can be called a permanent crisis. The institution and the government are forced to take over the management of the biological life of the nation as their duty. Therefore, in the case of the Camp, exceptional circumstances appear and the law loses its effectiveness. Also, with a new understanding of the issue that the Camp can have its own unique model and topography, it has been shown that if a particular geographical area is affected by government policies, human communities living in it lose the ability to choose and a camp is formed and its communities become HomoSacers. In other words, in this study, due to government policies, in the face of environmental tensions, acting as a threat and the government, like other threats, creating exceptional conditions to control the situation and exercise its sovereignty, the impact of government biopolitics discourse on environmental political thought has been examined. Therefore, a conceptual model is presented, and to confirm its claim, the area around Jazmourian Lake has been selected as the study area.Results and discussionThe product of the decisions of the last twenty years in the study area has been made by examining two axes, natural and social characteristics, based on which, climate, available water, aquifers, vegetation, erosion, infrastructure, population growth, education, health, and employment have been examined. Therefore, in all the studied characteristics, the situation in the region is very worrying. In other words, the environmental policies during the last twenty years, and specifically its beginning with the operation of the Jiroft dam, have practically led to the imposition of irreparable damage downstream of the river and the communities around Jazmourian Lake. During the survey, those who were able to immigrate left the area, and those who were unable to immigrate lost their choice. People living in these areas show clear and uniform reactions to different actions, the life of many of these communities is on the verge of death and life, and the whole area is becoming an EnvironmentalCamps and the communities living there are becoming EnvironmentalHomoSacers.ConclusionPaying attention to sustainable development, in addition to creating job opportunities and increasing the quality of life, protects and guarantees the environment of an area from becoming a degraded environment. Failure to pay attention to specific local ecological and social characteristics in macrodecisions can lead to the formation of excluded communities. In this article, these conditions are linked to the coherence and complexity of the concepts proposed by Agamben and the critical political thinkers influenced by him, and the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed